Chapter 8 Flashcards
Appendicular Skeleton
bones of the extremities and shoulder and pelvic girdles
Pectoral Girdle
- definition
- 2 parts
- (shoulder) attaches bones of the upper extremities to the axial skeleton
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Clavicle
Clavicle
- Number of bones
- description
- 2 articulations
- 2
- collarbone, slender S-shaped bone
- Sternoclavicular joint
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Sternoclavicular joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Clavicle articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum
Acromioclavicular joint of the clavicle
clavicle articulates laterally with the acromion process of scapula
Scapula
- number of bones
- description
- 5 special features
- 2 articulations
- 2
- shoulder blade; flat triangular bone in dorsal thorax
- Borders
- Spine
- Acromion process
- coracoid process
- Glenoid cavity
- Borders
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Shoulder joint
- Acromioclavicular joint
Borders of the scapula
- superior
- medial (vertebral)
- lateral (axillary)
Spine of the scapula
Sharp diagonal ridge on posterior surface
Acromion process
Expanded process at lateral end of spine
Coracoid process
Hook-like process on lateral end of superior border
Glenoid cavity
Depression below acromion (arm socket)
Upper extremity
- Humerus
- ulna
- radius
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
Humerus
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- long bone of upper arm
Proximal features of the humerus
-4
- Head
- Greater tubercle
- Lesser tubercle
- Deltoid tuberosity
Head of the humerus
rounded enlargement at proximal end
Greater tubercle of the humerus
lateral projection distal to head
lesser tubercle of the humerus
projection on anterior surface
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
roughened area along middle of shaft
Distal features of the humerus
-5
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- capitulum
- Trochelea
- Coronoid fossa
- Olecranon fossa
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Rough projections on either side
Capitulum
rounded knob below lateral epicondyle on anterior surface
Trochelea
pulley-like process on anterior surface
Coronoid fossa
Depression on anterior surface above trochelea
Olecranon fossa
depression on posterior surface above trochelea
Proximal articulation of humerus
humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Distal articulation of humerus
- capitulum
- trochelea
- capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius
- trochelea of humerus articulates with ulna
Ulna
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- medial bone of forearm
Proximal features of the ulna
-3
- olecranon process
- Coronoid process
- Radial notch
Olecranon process
Superior process that forms point of elbow
Coronoid process
Anterior projection
Radial notch
Lateral depression
Distal features of the ulna
-2
- head
2. Styloid process
Styloid process of the ulna
short pointed process
Proximal articulation of the ulna
coronoid process and olecranon process articulate with the trochelea of humerus
Distal articulation of the ulna
ulna articulates with the carpals
Radius
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- small lateral bone of the forearm
Proximal features of the radius
Head
Head of the radius
Flat, disc shaped process
Distal features of the radius
Styloid process
Styloid process of the radius
Pointed lateral projection
Proximal articulation of the radius
- head of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus
- head of radius articulates with radial notch of ulna
Distal articulation of the radius
Radius articulates with carpals
Carpals
- number of bones
- description
- 16 (8 on each hand)
- 2 rows of 4 bones each (wrist)
Proximal articulation of the carpals
Carpals articulate with the radius and ulna
Distal articulation of the carpals
Carpals articulate with metacarpals
Meta carpals
- number of bones
- description
- 10
- long bones forming palm
Proximal articulation of the metacarpals
Metacarpals articulate with carpals
Distal articulation of the metacarpals
articulates with proximal phalanges of fingers
Phalanges
- number of bones
- description
- proximal articulation
- 28
- bones of the fingers; 3 per finger and 2 per thumb
- Proximal phalanges of fingers articulate with metacarpals
Pelvic girdle
Attach bones of lower extremities to the axial skeleton
Hip bone
- number of bones
- description
- fusion of what 3 bones
- 2 special features
- 2
- hip bones
- illium, ishium, and pubis
- Acetabulum and obturator foramen
Illium
flat flaring superior region
Ishium
lower posterior portion
Pubis
Medial anterior portion
Acetabulum
- hip socket
- depression where illium, ishium and pubic bone have fused
Obturator foramen
- large hole
- covered by fibrous membrane in body
Anterior articulation of the hip bone
Pubic symphysis
Pubic Symphysis
anterior joint between pubic bones
Posterior articulation of the hip bone
Sacroiliac joint
Sacroiliac joint
ilia articulate posterior with the sacrum
Lateral articulation of the hip bone
Hip joint
hip joint
Acetabulum of hip bone articulates with the head of the femur
Pelis
Basin-like structure formed by the union of the hip bones with the sacrum and coccyx
Male pelvis
- increased curvature of sacrum and coccyx = makes pelvic outlet smaller
- less than 90
Female pelvis
- enlarged pelvic outlet ilia project more laterally
- greater than 100
Lower extremity
-7
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
Femur
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- thigh bone
Proximal features of the femur
-6
- Head
- Fovea Capitis
- neck
- Greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- Linea Aspera
Head of the femur
Rounded upper end
Fovea Capitis
small pit in head
Greater trochanter
large process lateral to head
Lesser trochanter
small process medial to head
Linea aspera
Sharp ridge on posterior surface
Distal features of the femur
-1
medial and lateral condyles
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
expanded processes
Proximal articulations of the femur
head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone
Distal articulations of the femur
- medial and lateral condyles of femur articulate with tibia
- medial and lateral condyles articulate with posterior surface of patella
Patella
- number of bones
- definition
- shape
- type of bone
- articulation
- 2
- knee cap
- small triangular bone
- a sesmoid bone embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle group
- articulates with medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Tibia
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- shinbone, large medial bone of leg
Proximal feature of the tibia
-3
- Medial and lateral condyles
- tibial tuberosity
- anterior crest
Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
Large bulging processes at proximal end
Tibial tuberosity
rough region between medial and lateral condyles
Anterior crest of tibia
sharp vertical ridge on anterior surface
Distal feature of the tibia
Medial malleolus
Medial Malleolus of the tibia
sharp medial process
Proximal articulation of the tibia
- Medial and lateral condyles srticulate with medial and lateral condyles of the femur
- tibia articulates with fibula
Distal articulation of the tibia
- tibia articulates with the fibula
- tibia articulates with tarsal bone
Fibula
- number of bones
- description
- 2
- thin lateral bone of lower leg
Proximal features of the fibula
Head
Distal features of the fibula
Lateral malleolus
Proximal articulation of the fibula
Head of the fibula articulates with later condyle of tibia below the knee
Distal articulation of the fibula
- Lateral malleolus of ibula articulates with talus (tarsal)
- fibula articulates with tibia
Tarsals
- number of bones
- description
- 14
- ankle bones
2 ankle bones
- talus
2. Calcaneous
Talus
superior bone
Calcaneous
heel bone
Proximal articulation of the tarsals
talus articulates with the tibia and fibula
Distal articulation of the tarsals
tarsals articulate with the metatarsals
Metatarsals
- number of bones
- description
- 10
- instep; long bone of foot
Proximal articulation of the metatarsals
metatarsals articulate with tarsals
Distal articulation of the metatarsals
metatarsals articulate with phalanges
Phalanges
- number of bones
- description
- proximal articulation
- 28
- toe bones; 2 per big toe and 3 per other toes
- phalanges articulate with proximal metatarsals
Arches of foot
- how many arches
- what are they held by
- 2
- tendon and ligament
2 types of arches in foot
- Longitudinal
2. Transverse
Longitudinal arch
From calcaneous to distal end of metatarsals
Transverse arch
Follows joints between tarsals and metatarsals
What purpose do the arches of the foot serve?
-3 functions
- Shock absorption
- Balance
- Transfer of weight when walking