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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

5 major regions of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
  5. spinal cord
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2
Q

cerebrum and cerebellum’s appearance

A

convoluted

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3
Q

what does the diencephalon include

-2 things

A
  1. thalamus (superior portion)

2. hypothalamus (inferior portion)

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4
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A
  1. midbrain or mesencephalon
  2. pon varolli (bridge)
  3. Medulla oblongata
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5
Q

Nervous system forms from

A

a hollow tube called the neural tube

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6
Q

what does the ___ form into at birth?

  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. metencephalon
  5. myelencephalon
A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. midbrain
  4. cerebellum and pons
  5. medulla oblongata
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7
Q

2 things that protect the brain and spinal cord

A
  1. bones

2. meninges

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8
Q

6 bones that protect the brain

-what protects the spinal cord

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. ethmoid
  5. sphenoid
  6. temporal
    - it is within the vertebral canal; adult: C1 through L1 or L2
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9
Q

Meninges

  • definition
  • 3 layers
A
  • connective tissue layer
    1. Dura mater (outer, inner fibrous layer, dura sinus)
      1. Arachnoid mater (arachnoid membrane, arachnoid trabeculae)
      2. Pia mater
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10
Q

what does dura sinus contain

A

fluids and blood

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11
Q

pia mater

A

sticks to surface of brain

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12
Q

Cranial meninges

A
  1. no epidural space
  2. Space within dura mater
  3. 3 folds of dura mater
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13
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer of the dura mater fused to?

A

periosteum of the cranial bones

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14
Q

space within dura mater is called what two things?

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus

2. Arachnoid villi

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15
Q

superior sagittal sinus

  • how big
  • function
A
  • largest sinus

- delivers venous blood to internal jugular vein

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16
Q

Arachnoid villi

  • function
  • what happens to CSF
A
  • connects sub arachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus

- CSF is reabsorbed into venus blood at arachnoid villi

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17
Q

3 fold of dura mater

  • definition
  • 3 folds
A
  • subdives the cranial cavity
  • limits excessive movements of the brain within the cranial cavity
    1. falx cerebri
      1. falx cerebelli
      2. tentorium cerebelli
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18
Q

falx cerebri

A

between cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure and attaches to the crista galli

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19
Q

falx cerebelli

A

divides cerebellar hemispheres

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20
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres

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21
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

  • definition
  • 3 functions
  • production
A
  • fluid that surrounds and bathes the entire brain and spinal cord
    1. acts like a cushion (protects brain from sudden jolts and shocks
      1. supports brain
      2. transports chemical messengers, nutrients and waste products
  • produced in chloroid plexus
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22
Q

where does the chloroid plxus originate

A

in the 3rd ventricle, lateral ventricle and 4th ventricle

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23
Q

ventricles within the brain

-7

A
  1. lateral ventricle
  2. 3rd ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle
  4. medial aperature
  5. lateral aperature
  6. aqueduct of slyvius
  7. foramen of monroe
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24
Q

circulation of CSF

-5 steps

A
  1. lateral ventricle (CSF is produced)
  2. 3rd ventricle (CSF is produced)
  3. 4th ventricle (CSF is produced)
  4. CSF flows into subarachnoid space through the lateral and medial aperatures, and into the central canal of the spinal cord
  5. excess CSF drains into the arachnoid vili and then into the dural venous sinuses
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25
Q

Cerebrum

-parts

A
  1. surface gray matter (cerebral cortex)
  2. white matter
  3. deep gray matter (basal ganglia)
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26
Q

Surface gray matter

A
  • superficial layer

- contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

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27
Q

white matter contains?

-4 structures

A

myelinated axons

    1. internal white matter
      1. corpus callosum
      2. septum pellucidum
      3. internal capsule
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28
Q

sulcus or sulci

A

shallow groove

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29
Q

fissure

A

deep groove

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30
Q

gyrus or gyri

A

elevated ridges

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31
Q

8 surface features of the cerebrum

A
  1. precentral sulcus
  2. precentral gyrus
  3. central sulcus
  4. postcentral gyrus
  5. post central sulcus
  6. parieto-occipital sulcus (not seen externally)
  7. Lateral cerebral sulcus (fissure)
  8. Longitudinal cerebral fissure
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32
Q

10 functional areas of the cerebrum

A
  1. pre frontal cortex
  2. Broca’s area
  3. Premotor area
  4. primary motor area
  5. primary sensory area
  6. somatosensory srea
  7. Visual area
  8. Wernicke’s area
  9. Auditory area
  10. Olfactory area
33
Q

pre frontal cortex

A

abstract intellectual processes

-consequences of behavior

34
Q

Broca’s area

  • location
  • function
A
  • only on left side

- motor speech (moves muscles for speech)

35
Q

Pre motor area

A

stored pathways for learned activities

36
Q

Primary motor area

  • location
  • function
A
  • pre central gyrus

- controls voluntary movement of specific muscles

37
Q

Primary sensory area

  • location
  • function
A
  • post central gyrus

- receives incoming sensations (localizes them to specific body regions

38
Q

somatosensory area

A
  • association area

- interprets, analyzes and evaluates sensory info

39
Q

Visual area

40
Q

Werknicke’s area

A

language comprehension and interpretation

41
Q

Auditory area

42
Q

Olfactory area

43
Q

General interpretative areas (gnostic areas)

  • location
  • function
  • what would damage affect
A
  • usually all over left side
  • stores memories associated with sensations
  • affects your ability to interpret what is seen or heard
44
Q

White mater-tracts

  • definition
  • 3 types
A
  • bundles of myelinated axons located within the CNS
    1. Association tracts
      1. commissural tracts
      2. projection tracts
45
Q

association tracts

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • connects and transports signals between gyri of the same hemisphere
  • arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi
46
Q

commisual tracts

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • connects and transmits signals from a gyrus on one hemisphere to the corresponding gyrus on the other hemisphere
  • corpus callosum and anterior commisure
47
Q

Projection tracts

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • links the cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
  • projection fibers of internal capsule
48
Q

Basal nuclei

  • aka
  • 2 parts
  • 3 functions
A
  • basal ganglia
  • Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
    1. control of the subconsious muscle movement
      1. stimulate muscles to produce pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking
      2. help to control and adjust muscle tone during voluntary movements
49
Q

what does the lentiform nucleus include?

A

the putamen and the globus pallidus

50
Q

Diencephalon

-2 parts

A
  1. Thalamus

2. hypothalamus

51
Q

Thalamus

  • structure
  • what does it contain
  • location
  • 2 functions
  • 7 examples
A
  • 2 masses of gray matter covered by white matter
  • contains numerous nuclei
  • located on each side of the third ventricle
    1. Relays sensory info to basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
      1. Acts as a filter (sends only small portions of sensory info to basal nuclei or cerebral cortex
  • touch, pressure, pain, temp., position, visual and auditory
52
Q

Hypothalamus

  • what does it contain
  • what does it form
  • maintenance of
  • 6 examples
A
  • many nuclei
  • ventral floor of third ventricle
  • homeostasis
  • sleep/wake patterns, hunger, thirst, body temp, emotions, and sexual responses
53
Q

Brainstem

-3 parts

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pon varolli
  3. medulla oblongata
54
Q

Midbrain

  • location
  • 3 parts
A
  • extends from pons to lower diencephalon
    1. Aqueduct of sylvius runs through it
      1. ventral surface (cerebral peduncles)
      2. Dorsal surface (corpora quadrigemina)
55
Q

dorsal surface

-2 parts

A
  1. superior colliculus: visual reflexes

2. inferior colliculus: auditory reflexes

56
Q

pons varolli

  • location
  • function (what does it contain)
A
  • superior to medulla and anterior to cerebellum
  • contains pathways that link cerebellum with cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
  • also contains nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
57
Q

Medulla oblogata

  • location
  • function
  • 2 centers
A
  • inferior brainstem, continuous with spinal cord
  • conducts sensory and motor info
  • contains non vital and vital centers
58
Q

Non vital centers

A

swallowing, sneezing, vomiting

59
Q

Vital centers

A

cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor centers

60
Q

Cerebellum

  • what are the 2 hemispheres connected by
  • 3 parts to the structure
  • 2 functions
  • what does it allow for
A
  • vermis
    1. cortex
      1. white mater
      2. cerebellar nuclei
    1. maintenance of balance and equilibrium
      1. motor coordination for muscle movement
  • allows for smooth muscle controlled movements
61
Q

cortex of cerebellum

  • what is the surface
  • what does it contain
A
  • gray matter

- contains parallel ridges called folia

62
Q

white mater of cerebellum

  • known as
  • connects what
A
  • Arbor vitae

- connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles

63
Q

Hemisphercity

  • definition
  • what does the right/left hemispheres control
A
  • the left and right cerebral hemispheres have differing functions
  • the right hemisphere controls movements on the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls movement on the right side of the body
64
Q

Limbic system

  • where is it
  • 3 functions
  • 3 ex
A
  • parts of the cerebrum located on the border between cerebrum and diencephalon
    1. involved in memory
      1. creates emotional states
  • behaviors related to survival and motivation
  • pleasure, pain and rage
65
Q

Reticular activating system

  • where is it
  • 3 functions
  • result
A
  • many parts of your brain working together
    1. sleep/wake cycles
      1. when RAS is stimulated cerebral cortex become active
      2. after several hours of activation, RAS becomes less responsive to stimulus
  • fatigue
66
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons outside the CNS

67
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves attached to brain

68
Q

I

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
  • what does it pass through
A
  • olfactory
  • sensory
  • transmits impulses related to smell form nose to olfactory bulb
  • passes through cribiform plate of ethmoid
69
Q

II

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
  • how do nerve fibers cross
A
  • optic
  • sensory
  • transmits impulses related to vision from retina
  • cross from left side to right side
70
Q

III

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
A
  • oculomotor
  • motor
  • conveys impulses that control eye movement, regulation of pupil size, and accommodation of lens for near vision
71
Q

IV

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
  • superior oblique muscle
A
  • Trochlear
  • motor
  • conveys impulses that control eye movement
  • allows you to look down and out
72
Q

V

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • 3 branches
  • sensory
  • motor
A
  • Trigeminal
  • mixed
    1. opthalmic brach
      1. maxillary branch
      2. mandibular branch
  • conveys impulses relating to sensations of head and face
  • conveys impulses that control chewing
73
Q

VI

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
A
  • abducens
  • motor
  • conveys impulses that control eye movement
74
Q

VII

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • sensory
  • motor
  • controls
A
  • Facial
  • mixed
  • conveys sensations related to taste from tongue to brain
  • conveys impulses that control facial expression
  • controls lacrimal gland (tears) and salivary gland secretions
75
Q

VIII

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • 2 branches
  • vesitbular
  • cochlear
A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • very
  • sensory
  • vestibular branch and coclear branch
  • conveys impulses associated with equilibrium from inner ear to brain
  • conveys impulses associated with hearing from organ of Corti in cochlea to brain
76
Q

IX

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • sensory
  • motor
A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • mixed
  • conveys impulses related to taste from posterior tongue and pharynx (posterior 1/3 of the tongue)
  • conveys impulses that control swallowing and salivary secretion (parotid gland)
77
Q

X

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • sensory
  • motor
  • damage to CN IX or CN X or both causes
A
  • vagus
  • mixed
  • conveys sensations from larynx, viscera and ear
  • conveys impulses that control movement of larynx, pharynx, throacic and abdominal viscera
  • difficulty in swallowing
78
Q

XI

  • name of nerve
  • function
  • distribution
A
  • accessory
  • motor
  • conveys impulses that controls the movement of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
79
Q

XII

  • name of the nerve
  • function
  • distribution
  • ex
  • damage to CN XII
A
  • Hypoglossal
  • motor
  • conveys impulses that control movement of the tougue
  • sticking out tongue
  • tongue will veer toward the damaged side

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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