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APES Vocabulary > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Core

A

the innermost zone of a planet

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2
Q

Mantle

A

above the core - containing magma

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3
Q

Magma

A

molten rock

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4
Q

Asthenosphere

A

located in the outer part of the mantle

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5
Q

Lithosphere

A

the brittle outermost layer of the planet

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6
Q

Crust

A

the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

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7
Q

Hot Spots

A

places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

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8
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

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9
Q

Tectonic Cycle

A

the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

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10
Q

Subducton

A

the process of one plate passing under another

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11
Q

Subducton

A

the process of one plate passing under another

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12
Q

Volcano

A

a vent in Earth’s surface that emits ash, gases, and molten lava

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13
Q

Volcano

A

a vent in Earth’s surface that emits ash, gases, and molten lava

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14
Q

Divergent Plate Boundaries

A

the location where tectonic plates move away from each other

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15
Q

Divergent Plate Boundaries

A

the location where tectonic plates move away from each other

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16
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

as magma from the mantle reaches Earth’s surface and pushes upward and outward, new rock is formed

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17
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

as magma from the mantle reaches Earth’s surface and pushes upward and outward, new rock is formed

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18
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries

A

form where plates move toward one another and collide

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19
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries

A

form where plates move toward one another and collide

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20
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

when plates move sideways past each other

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21
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

when plates move sideways past each other

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22
Q

Fault

A

a fracture in rock across which there is movement

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23
Q

Fault

A

a fracture in rock across which there is movement

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24
Q

Fault Zones

A

large expanses of rock where movement has occured

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25
Q

Fault Zones

A

large expanses of rock where movement has occured

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26
Q

Earthquakes

A

occur where the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault

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27
Q

Seismic Activity

A

earthquake activity

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28
Q

Seismic Activity

A

earthquake activity

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29
Q

Epicenter

A

the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures

30
Q

Richter Scale

A

a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake

31
Q

Rock Cycle

A

the constant formation and destruction of rock

32
Q

Minerals

A

solid chemical substances with uniform structures that form under specific temperatures and pressures

33
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

those that form directly from magma

34
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A

form within Earth as magma rises up and cools in place underground

35
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

A

form when magma cools above Earth’s surface

36
Q

Fractures

A

cracks that occur when rock cools

37
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments

38
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

form when sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures

39
Q

Physical Weathering

A

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

40
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both

41
Q

Acid Precipitation

A

when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid

42
Q

Acid Rain

A

also known as acid precipitation

43
Q

Erosion

A

the physical removal of rock fragments from landscape or ecosystem

44
Q

Deposition

A

the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil

45
Q

Soil

A

a mix

46
Q

Soil

A

a mix of geologic and organic components

47
Q

Parent Material

A

the rock material underlying it from which its inorganic components are derived

48
Q

O Horizon

A

organic horizon - most pronounced in forest soils and is also found in some grasslands

49
Q

A Horizon

A

known as topsoil - a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together

50
Q

A Horizon

A

known as topsoil - a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together

51
Q

Topsoil

A

also known as A horizon

52
Q

E Horizon

A

a zone of leaching, or eluviation - forms under the O horizon, or less often, the A horizon

53
Q

B Horizon

A

commonly known as subsoil - composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter

54
Q

C Horizon

A

the least weathered soil horizon - always occurs beneath the B horizon

55
Q

Texture

A

determined by the percentages of sand, silt, and clay it contains

56
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations

57
Q

Base Saturation

A

a measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage

58
Q

Base Saturation

A

a measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage

59
Q

Soil Degradation

A

the loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth

60
Q

Crustal Abundance

A

the average concentration of an element in the crust

61
Q

Ores

A

concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

62
Q

Metals

A

elements with properties that allow them to conduct electricity and heat energy and perform other important functions

63
Q

Reserve

A

the known quantity of the resource that can be economically recovered

64
Q

Strip Mining

A

the removal of “strips” of soil and rock to expose ore

65
Q

Mining Spoils

A

unwanted waste material - also known as tailings

66
Q

Tailings

A

mining spoils

67
Q

Open-Pit Mining

A

the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from Earth’s surface

68
Q

Mountaintop Removal

A

miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives

69
Q

Placer Mining

A

the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments

70
Q

Subsurface Mining

A

begins with a horizontal tunnel dug into the side of a mountain or other feature containing the resource

APES Vocabulary (11 decks)

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