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APES Vocabulary > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Core

A

the innermost zone of a planet

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2
Q

Mantle

A

above the core - containing magma

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3
Q

Magma

A

molten rock

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4
Q

Asthenosphere

A

located in the outer part of the mantle

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5
Q

Lithosphere

A

the brittle outermost layer of the planet

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6
Q

Crust

A

the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

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7
Q

Hot Spots

A

places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

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8
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

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9
Q

Tectonic Cycle

A

the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

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10
Q

Subducton

A

the process of one plate passing under another

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11
Q

Subducton

A

the process of one plate passing under another

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12
Q

Volcano

A

a vent in Earth’s surface that emits ash, gases, and molten lava

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13
Q

Volcano

A

a vent in Earth’s surface that emits ash, gases, and molten lava

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14
Q

Divergent Plate Boundaries

A

the location where tectonic plates move away from each other

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15
Q

Divergent Plate Boundaries

A

the location where tectonic plates move away from each other

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16
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

as magma from the mantle reaches Earth’s surface and pushes upward and outward, new rock is formed

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17
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

as magma from the mantle reaches Earth’s surface and pushes upward and outward, new rock is formed

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18
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries

A

form where plates move toward one another and collide

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19
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries

A

form where plates move toward one another and collide

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20
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

when plates move sideways past each other

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21
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

when plates move sideways past each other

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22
Q

Fault

A

a fracture in rock across which there is movement

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23
Q

Fault

A

a fracture in rock across which there is movement

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24
Q

Fault Zones

A

large expanses of rock where movement has occured

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25
Fault Zones
large expanses of rock where movement has occured
26
Earthquakes
occur where the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault
27
Seismic Activity
earthquake activity
28
Seismic Activity
earthquake activity
29
Epicenter
the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures
30
Richter Scale
a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake
31
Rock Cycle
the constant formation and destruction of rock
32
Minerals
solid chemical substances with uniform structures that form under specific temperatures and pressures
33
Igneous Rocks
those that form directly from magma
34
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
form within Earth as magma rises up and cools in place underground
35
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
form when magma cools above Earth's surface
36
Fractures
cracks that occur when rock cools
37
Sedimentary Rocks
forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
38
Metamorphic Rocks
form when sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
39
Physical Weathering
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
40
Chemical Weathering
the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both
41
Acid Precipitation
when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid
42
Acid Rain
also known as acid precipitation
43
Erosion
the physical removal of rock fragments from landscape or ecosystem
44
Deposition
the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
45
Soil
a mix
46
Soil
a mix of geologic and organic components
47
Parent Material
the rock material underlying it from which its inorganic components are derived
48
O Horizon
organic horizon - most pronounced in forest soils and is also found in some grasslands
49
A Horizon
known as topsoil - a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together
50
A Horizon
known as topsoil - a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together
51
Topsoil
also known as A horizon
52
E Horizon
a zone of leaching, or eluviation - forms under the O horizon, or less often, the A horizon
53
B Horizon
commonly known as subsoil - composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
54
C Horizon
the least weathered soil horizon - always occurs beneath the B horizon
55
Texture
determined by the percentages of sand, silt, and clay it contains
56
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations
57
Base Saturation
a measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage
58
Base Saturation
a measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage
59
Soil Degradation
the loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth
60
Crustal Abundance
the average concentration of an element in the crust
61
Ores
concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted
62
Metals
elements with properties that allow them to conduct electricity and heat energy and perform other important functions
63
Reserve
the known quantity of the resource that can be economically recovered
64
Strip Mining
the removal of "strips" of soil and rock to expose ore
65
Mining Spoils
unwanted waste material - also known as tailings
66
Tailings
mining spoils
67
Open-Pit Mining
the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from Earth's surface
68
Mountaintop Removal
miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives
69
Placer Mining
the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments
70
Subsurface Mining
begins with a horizontal tunnel dug into the side of a mountain or other feature containing the resource

APES Vocabulary (11 decks)

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