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APES Vocabulary > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Mass

A

an object is defined as a measure of the amount of matter it contains

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3
Q

Atom

A

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

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4
Q

Element

A

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

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5
Q

Periodic Table

A

lists all of the elements currently known

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6
Q

Molecules

A

particles containing more than one atom

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7
Q

Compounds

A

molecules that contain more than one element

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

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9
Q

Mass Number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

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11
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus

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12
Q

Half-Life

A

the time it takes for one-half of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay

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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

elements that do not readily gain or lose electrons form compounds by sharing electrons

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14
Q

Ionic Bond

A

the attraction between oppositely charged ions forms a chemical bond

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15
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

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16
Q

Polar Molecule

A

one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

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17
Q

Surface Tension

A

results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water, create a sort of skin on the water’s surface

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18
Q

Capillary Action

A

happens when adhesion of water molecules

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19
Q

Acid

A

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

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20
Q

Base

A

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

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21
Q

pH Scale

A

a way to indicate the strength of acids and bases

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22
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

occurs when atoms separate from the molecules they are a part of or recombine with other molecules

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23
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

states that matter cannot be created or destroyed

24
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

compounds that either

a) do not contain the element carbon
b) do not contain carbon, only carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

25
Q

Organic Compounds

A

compounds that have carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

26
Q

Carbohydratres

A

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

27
Q

Proteins

A

made up of long chains of nitrogen-containing organic materials called amino acids

28
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

organic compounds found in all living cells

29
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

the genetic material organisms pass on to their offspring that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation

30
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

translates the code stored in the DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins

31
Q

Lipids

A

smaller biological molecules that do not mix with water

32
Q

Cell

A

highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane

33
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work, or transfer heat

34
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

a form of energy that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy, which we perceive as heat

35
Q

Photons

A

massless packets of energy that travel at the speed of light and can move even through the vacuum of space

36
Q

Joule

A

the amount of energy used when a 1-watt light bulb is turned on for 1 second

37
Q

Power

A

the rate at which work is done

38
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy that is stored but has not yet been released

39
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

40
Q

Chemical Energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

41
Q

Temperature

A

the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

42
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

just as matter can neither be created not destroyed, energy is neither created nor destroyed

43
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

44
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

the ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system in the first place

45
Q

Energy Quality

A

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

46
Q

Entropy

A

always increasing in a system, unless new energy from outside the system is added to create order

47
Q

Open System

A

exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

48
Q

Closed System

A

matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries do not occur

49
Q

Inputs

A

additions to a given system

50
Q

Outputs

A

losses from the system

51
Q

Systems Analysis

A

they determine inputs, outputs, and changes in the system under various conditions

52
Q

Steady State

A

whether inputs equal outputs

53
Q

Feedback

A

the results of a process feed back into the system to change the rate of that process

54
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

a system responds to a change by returning to a change by returning to its original state, or at least by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

55
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

amplifies change

56
Q

Adaptive Management Plan

A

a strategy that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as future changes occur

APES Vocabulary (11 decks)

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