Chapter 8 Flashcards
From the cognitive perspective, involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Neuroscientists are more likely to define it as learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons.
Memory
The memory process of “translating” sensory impressions into meaningful perceptions that may then be stored as memory.
Encoding
The memory process whereby meaningful perceptions are retained as memory.
Storage
Recognizing or recalling something from long-term memory.
Retrieval
The traditional devised by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. Views memory as consisting of three stages of stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Modal Model of Memory
The memory stage that very briefly stores large amounts of fleeting sensory impression is comprised of iconic store (visual) and echoic store (auditory).
Sensory Memory
A memory store used for attending to information in the short term is limited in the length of time the memory can remain active—long longer than about 20 seconds. It is also limited in the amount of information that can be stored. No more than about four to five items of chunks of information is one component of the modal model of memory.
Short-Term Memory
Actively repeating or thinking about information so that it remains in short-term memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
The amount of information that can be held in a memory store at any one time. The capacity of short-term memory averages four to five items or chunks of information.
Memory Span
Individual items that are grouped together in memory because they are meaningfully associated with one another (but only weakly related or unrelated to items in other chunks).
Chunks
The deepest level of encoding of information—a theoretically limited memory store that contains memories for facts, autobiographical events, and learned skills is a component of the modal model of memory.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Memory encoding according to the sound of the stimulus being encoded.
Acoustic Encoding
Memory encoding according to the visual appearance of the stimulus.
Visual Encoding
Memory encoding according tot he meaning of the stimulus.
Semantic Encoding
Mentally encoding information into long-term memory in a way that is personally meaningful and associates the new information with information that already exists in the long-term memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Any hint or association that helps one retrieve a long-term memory.
Retrieval Cue
When retrieval of a memory is enhanced in contexts that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded.
Context-Dependent Memory
When retrieval of a memory is enhanced by internal states such as mood or drug effects that were present when the memory was encoded.
State-Dependent Memory
Defined in different ways by different theorists, and is often used synonymously for (or in place of) short-term memory. As used here, the term describes “what happens” in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed “online.”
Working Memory
Conscious memories for personal experiences (episodic memory) or facts about the world (semantic memory).
Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)
Memories acquired through personal experience. Memories are one subtype of explicit (declarative) memory.
Episodic Memory
Memory for facts one has learned, as opposed to personal experiences. Memory is one type of explicit (declarative) memory.
Semantic Memory
A memory that affects how we behave without our conscious awareness of the memory itself.
Implicit Memory
Implicit memory for skills involving motor coordination.
Procedural Memory
When performance on a task improves as a result of previous implicit exposure.
Repetition Priming
The model of memory originated by Fergis Craik and Robert Lockhart which denies the existence of distinct memory stages or stores. Instead, it proposes that the more deeply san item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled.
Level of Processing Framework
Memory of an event that did not actually occur. In some cases, blatantly inaccurate recollection of details of an event that did occur may also be considered this.
False Memory
The “fading” of memories for long-term memory and describes what most people mean when they say “forgetting.”
Transience
The term used to describe the fact adults do not have accurate, coherent memory for events of early childhood. Theorists currently propose that coherent memories are not retained for events prior to the fourth birthday.
Childhood Amnesia
The discovery made by Hermann Ebbinghause that forgetting follows a pattern according to the passage of time, with most memory loss occurring rapidly, and the pace then slowing.
Forgetting Curve
The notion, subscribed to by most memory researchers, that problems in retrieving memories results from the interference of one memory with another. There are two types of interference: proactive and retroactive.
Interference Theory
When an old memory interferes with the retrieval of a new memory.
Proactive Interference
When a new memory interferes with the retrieval of an old memory.
Retroactive Interference
Lapses of attention that result in a failure to recall information and can result from a failure to encode properly or lapse of attention/preoccupation at the moment of retrieval.
Absentmindedness
When a memory has been been encoded properly and primed by a retrieval cue yet cannot be retrieved.
Blocking
A type of blocking where there is a powerful sensation that a work or name is remembered but somehow is out of reach.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)
When a memory is attributed to a source other than its actual origin.
Misttribution
A type of misattribution where a memory originates in suggestion made to a person by someone else.
Suggestibility
When a person exposed to incorrect information about an event they have experienced later recall the event in a distorted manner by incorporating the false information.
Misinformation Effect
A vivid false memory replete with rich detail and emotional content.
Rich False Memory
When an unpleasant memory intrudes upon a person’s thoughts against his or her will.
Perisitence
The tendency to recall past events in a way that enhances one’s current view of oneself.
Egocentric Bias
A systematic distortion in perception, cognition, or memory as a result of some aspect of one’s current psychology.
Bias
The tendency to recall one’s past attitudes, feelings, and beliefs in a way that brings them in line with one’s current attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.
Consistency Bias
