Chapter 8

Question 1

From the cognitive perspective, involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Neuroscientists are more likely to define it as learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

The memory process of “translating” sensory impressions into meaningful perceptions that may then be stored as memory.

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

The memory process whereby meaningful perceptions are retained as memory.

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

Recognizing or recalling something from long-term memory.

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

The traditional devised by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. Views memory as consisting of three stages of stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Answer 5

Modal Model of Memory

Question 6

The memory stage that very briefly stores large amounts of fleeting sensory impression is comprised of iconic store (visual) and echoic store (auditory).

Answer 6

Sensory Memory

Question 7

A memory store used for attending to information in the short term is limited in the length of time the memory can remain active—long longer than about 20 seconds. It is also limited in the amount of information that can be stored. No more than about four to five items of chunks of information is one component of the modal model of memory.

Answer 7

Short-Term Memory

Question 8

Actively repeating or thinking about information so that it remains in short-term memory.

Answer 8

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 9

The amount of information that can be held in a memory store at any one time. The capacity of short-term memory averages four to five items or chunks of information.

Answer 9

Memory Span

Question 10

Individual items that are grouped together in memory because they are meaningfully associated with one another (but only weakly related or unrelated to items in other chunks).

Answer 10

Chunks

Question 11

The deepest level of encoding of information—a theoretically limited memory store that contains memories for facts, autobiographical events, and learned skills is a component of the modal model of memory.

Answer 11

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Question 12

Memory encoding according to the sound of the stimulus being encoded.

Answer 12

Acoustic Encoding

Question 13

Memory encoding according to the visual appearance of the stimulus.

Answer 13

Visual Encoding

Question 14

Memory encoding according tot he meaning of the stimulus.

Answer 14

Semantic Encoding

Question 15

Mentally encoding information into long-term memory in a way that is personally meaningful and associates the new information with information that already exists in the long-term memory.

Answer 15

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 16

Any hint or association that helps one retrieve a long-term memory.

Answer 16

Retrieval Cue

Question 17

When retrieval of a memory is enhanced in contexts that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded.

Answer 17

Context-Dependent Memory

Question 18

When retrieval of a memory is enhanced by internal states such as mood or drug effects that were present when the memory was encoded.

Answer 18

State-Dependent Memory

Question 19

Defined in different ways by different theorists, and is often used synonymously for (or in place of) short-term memory. As used here, the term describes “what happens” in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed “online.”

Answer 19

Working Memory

Question 20

Conscious memories for personal experiences (episodic memory) or facts about the world (semantic memory).

Answer 20

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)

Question 21

Memories acquired through personal experience. Memories are one subtype of explicit (declarative) memory.

Answer 21

Episodic Memory

Question 22

Memory for facts one has learned, as opposed to personal experiences. Memory is one type of explicit (declarative) memory.

Answer 22

Semantic Memory

Question 23

A memory that affects how we behave without our conscious awareness of the memory itself.

Answer 23

Implicit Memory

Question 24

Implicit memory for skills involving motor coordination.

Answer 24

Procedural Memory

Question 25

When performance on a task improves as a result of previous implicit exposure.

Answer 25

Repetition Priming

Question 26

The model of memory originated by Fergis Craik and Robert Lockhart which denies the existence of distinct memory stages or stores. Instead, it proposes that the more deeply san item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled.

Answer 26

Level of Processing Framework

Question 27

Memory of an event that did not actually occur. In some cases, blatantly inaccurate recollection of details of an event that did occur may also be considered this.

Answer 27

False Memory

Question 28

The “fading” of memories for long-term memory and describes what most people mean when they say “forgetting.”

Answer 28

Transience

Question 29

The term used to describe the fact adults do not have accurate, coherent memory for events of early childhood. Theorists currently propose that coherent memories are not retained for events prior to the fourth birthday.

Answer 29

Childhood Amnesia

Question 30

The discovery made by Hermann Ebbinghause that forgetting follows a pattern according to the passage of time, with most memory loss occurring rapidly, and the pace then slowing.

Answer 30

Forgetting Curve

Question 31

The notion, subscribed to by most memory researchers, that problems in retrieving memories results from the interference of one memory with another. There are two types of interference: proactive and retroactive.

Answer 31

Interference Theory

Question 32

When an old memory interferes with the retrieval of a new memory.

Answer 32

Proactive Interference

Question 33

When a new memory interferes with the retrieval of an old memory.

Answer 33

Retroactive Interference

Question 34

Lapses of attention that result in a failure to recall information and can result from a failure to encode properly or lapse of attention/preoccupation at the moment of retrieval.

Answer 34

Absentmindedness

Question 35

When a memory has been been encoded properly and primed by a retrieval cue yet cannot be retrieved.

Answer 35

Blocking

Question 36

A type of blocking where there is a powerful sensation that a work or name is remembered but somehow is out of reach.

Answer 36

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

Question 37

When a memory is attributed to a source other than its actual origin.

Answer 37

Misttribution

Question 38

A type of misattribution where a memory originates in suggestion made to a person by someone else.

Answer 38

Suggestibility

Question 39

When a person exposed to incorrect information about an event they have experienced later recall the event in a distorted manner by incorporating the false information.

Answer 39

Misinformation Effect

Question 40

A vivid false memory replete with rich detail and emotional content.

Answer 40

Rich False Memory

Question 41

When an unpleasant memory intrudes upon a person’s thoughts against his or her will.

Answer 41

Perisitence

Question 42

The tendency to recall past events in a way that enhances one’s current view of oneself.

Answer 42

Egocentric Bias

Question 43

A systematic distortion in perception, cognition, or memory as a result of some aspect of one’s current psychology.

Answer 43

Bias

Question 44

The tendency to recall one’s past attitudes, feelings, and beliefs in a way that brings them in line with one’s current attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.

Answer 44

Consistency Bias