Chapter 10

Question 1

Mental states which cause people to engage in behavior directed toward achieving some goal or satisfying a need or desire (purposive behavior). They initiate actions, direct them toward the desired goal, and help the person sustain the necessary effort to attain the goal.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

When a person experiences conflicting emotions or motivations—being “of two minds” about something.

Answer 2

Ambivalence

Question 3

An innate, automatic behavior tendency that will occur reliably in all normally developed members of a species in response to a releasing stimulus, or cue, from the environment. Because of past difficulties in identifying them, more often than not the term fixed-action pattern is used instead of the term.

Answer 3

Instinct

Question 4

A theory initially proposed by Clark Hull in 1943 which proposed that behavior is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce unpleasant conditions of arousal which have resulted from basic physiological needs.

Answer 4

Drive Theory

Question 5

The desire to reduce unpleasant arousal states resulting from basic psychological needs.

Answer 5

Drive

Question 6

Literally meaning “to stay the same,” the term is used to describe a steady regulated state where various physiological processes (e.g., water intake, blood sugar, body temperature) are maintained at appropriate levels.

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 7

A theory proposed in reaction to problems with drive theory, theory states that people seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal. this could mean reducing levels of arousal from unpleasantly high levels, as described in drive theory, but it could also mean increasing levels of arousal from unpleasantly low levels, as in states of boredom or excessive rest.

Answer 7

Optimal Arousal Theory

Question 8

Any rewarding condition that provides a motive for some behavior.

Answer 8

Incentives

Question 9

A category of motivation which compels a person to engage in a behavior is rewarding for its own sake, rather than providing some sort of additional external incentive or reward.

Answer 9

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 10

A category of motivation which compels a person to engage in a behavior for an external reward that the behavior might bring.

Answer 10

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 11

An internal state of tension that motivates a person to perform some action.

Answer 11

Need

Question 12

Mental forces which determine the form, direction, intensity, and persistence of each person’s work-related activities.

Answer 12

Work Motivation

Question 13

The study of psychology in the context of work.

Answer 13

Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I/O Psychology)

Question 14

Relatively stable, enduring personal characteristics, attributes, and motives for behavior.

Answer 14

Traits

Question 15

Albert Bandura’s term to describe one’s core beliefs about ability to produce change or accomplish a specific task through one’s own effort. Although some people may be higher than others across many domains, perceived self-efficacy is not a trait in which a person can be globally high or low. It always refers to specific tasks, and a person high in perceived self-efficacy on one task can be quite low on another.

Answer 15

Perceived Self-Efficacy

Question 16

An important theory of work motivation devised by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. According to this theory, work motivation and performance are enhanced when specific and difficult (but not impossible) goals are set. Setting specific and difficult goals directs attention toward appropriate activities to reach goals, increases effort to achieve goals, and increases persistence in working toward goals.

Answer 16

Goal-Setting Theory

Question 17

Martin Seligman describes strengths as those enduring qualities which result from a person having consistently made constructive life choices in specific areas. Are the choices one makes which lead to the development of universally valued virtues such as wisdom, courage, humanity, and justice. According to Seligman there are 24 principal human strengths.

Answer 17

Strengths

Question 18

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s term to describe experiences when one is fully immersed in what one is doing—where there is a timeless, effortless focus on an activity from which one is not easily distracted. During this a person may lose track of time and experience little fatigue.

Answer 18

Flow

Question 19

A primarily homeostatic drive state turned on and off by physiological changes in the body and intended to satisfy needs for immediate energy and/or overall nutrition. Naturally leads to eating.

Answer 19

Hunger

Question 20

A desire to eat. Unlike hunger, which always results from a need for energy or overall nutrition,. This can result from any number of causes including, but not limited to, hunger. This is highly influenced or even controlled by psychological, social-environmental, or cultural factors.

Answer 20

Appetite

Question 21

Energy balance is maintained by taking in only as many calories as are expended overall in activity and the maintenance of bodily functions.

Answer 21

Energy Balance

Question 22

Sometimes referred to as weight set point, this is the fairly consistent body weight achieved over time by maintaining an energy balance.

Answer 22

Baseline Body Weight

Question 23

The speed with which food is transformed into energy.

Answer 23

Metabolic Rate

Question 24

Any of a number of complex conditions involving unhealthful patterns of eating or not eating. The most commonly diagnosed of medically recognizedare bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. However, binge-eating disorder, which has not yet been accepted by the medical profession (but is likely to be in the future), is more common than anorexia and bulimia combined.

Answer 24

Eating Disorder

Question 25

An eating disorder usually characterized by a refusal to maintain normal body weight for one’s age and height, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat; and a disturbed perception of one’s body weight or shape, exaggerated emphasis on body weight or shape when making self-evaluations, or a denial of the seriousness of one’s current low body weight. Sometimes one or more of these symptoms is not present, however.

Answer 25

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 26

An eating disorder usually characterized by recurrent episodes of binge-eating, where there is a sense of lack of control over the quantity of food eaten; behavior designed to compensate for binging, such as purging (forced vomiting), abuse of laxative, excessive exercise, or fasting; and self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight concerns.

Answer 26

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 27

A term sometimes used to describe the vast transformations being experienced by developing nations in response to globalization. These transformations occur in economy, social structure, food abundance and variety, technology, birth and death rates, relations between the sexes, urbanization, and so forth.

Answer 27

Culture of Modernization

Question 28

Refers to a pathological level of fatness. Is not the same as overweight, a lesser degree of heaviness that may or may not cause health problems. This and overweight are defined in practice somewhat differently in different contexts.

Answer 28

Obese

Question 29

The innate human motivation to interact with other humans.

Answer 29

Social Motivation

Question 30

The need to mingle with other people in the same space. Affiliation does not necessarily imply that strong relationships form (although they may), only that one is near other people.

Answer 30

Need to Affiliate

Question 31

An innate need hypothesized by Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary. According to Baumeister and Leary, for belonging needs to be met, a person must experience frequent, primarily positive interactions with a least a few other people. These interactions must take place in the context of stable, enduring relationships where there is concern for one another’s welfare.

Answer 31

Need to Belong

Question 32

An overwhelmingly unpleasant feeling which results when there is a discrepancy between one’s perceptions of the interpersonal relationships one has and the relationships one wishes to have. This does not arise from any particular situation, and one may be alone and never feel lonely. This results from a person’s interpretation of the meaning of being alone or isolated from specific others.

Answer 32

Loneliness

Question 33

Interpersonal relationships, or moments within relationships, characterized by warmth, closeness, and mutual support and communication. This is frequently present in relationships of belonging, and some researchers characterized intimacy as a need and motivator in itself.

Answer 33

Intimacy

Question 34

The general term used when a person carries out an act intended to harm another in some way. However, for an act to constitute aggression, the aggressor must believe that the act is harmful, and the target of aggression must be motivated to avoid the behavior.

Answer 34

Human Aggression

Question 35

A type of aggression which has an ultimate purpose other than causing harm to the victim. Ultimate aggression is often (but not always) planned, and is not necessarily accompanied by an emotion such as anger, although it may be. This is in contrast to hostile aggression, where the ultimate purpose is harming the victim.

Answer 35

Instrumental Aggression

Question 36

A type of aggression where the ultimate purpose is harming the victim. This is generally accompanied by emotion, such as anger and is often (but not always) impulsive. this is in contrast to instrumental aggression, where the aggressor has an ultimate purpose other than harming the victim.

Answer 36

Hostile Aggression

Question 37

Leonard Berkowitz’s revision of an earlier theory which stated that all aggression is in response to the frustration of a goal. According to the reformulated theory, frustration is only one of many types of unpleasant events that could lead to aggression. The theory holds that aggression occurs when an unpleasant event (e.g. provocation by another person, extreme noise) may trigger feeling, images, and memories associated with the physiological changes that ordinarily accompany threat and danger.

Answer 37

Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Question 38

Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman’s theory of aggression which holds that whether aggression does or does not occur in any interaction is dependent upon a complex interaction between four factors: personal characteristics; characteristics of the situation; emotions, thoughts, and biological arousal levels; and decision-making processes.

Answer 38

General Aggression Model (GAM)

Question 39

The need to be effective in one’s life—to be able to perform some action of task successfully.

Answer 39

Competence Motivation

Question 40

The distinction between motivations to seek positive experiences and motivations to avoid negative experiences.

Answer 40

Approach-Avoidance

Question 41

An aspect of competence motivation which describes the motivation to attain and to accomplish. A person generally measures his or her attainments and accomplishments in relation to those of others, so the achievement motivation involves comparing oneself to others.

Answer 41

Achievement Motivation