Chapter 11

Question 1

A psychological state consisting of subjective experience or feeling, physiological changes, and behavioral responses. Emotions tend to be intense, attributable to a potentially identifiable cause, and relatively short-lived.

Answer 1

Emotion

Question 2

A feeling state that is typically less intense than an emotion, but which may not be attributable to specific causes.

Answer 2

Mood

Question 3

A general feeling state which provides the “raw material” from which emotions and moods are created. This differs along two dimensions: valence (positive-negative) and activation or arousal (high-low).

Answer 3

Affect

Question 4

The ability of identify, manage, and express one’s emotions constructively and to empathize with the emotions of others.

Answer 4

Emotional Intelligence

Question 5

Universal, innate, distinct emotions from which a vast number of other emotions may be derived. Characteristic facial expressions and/or body language are generally associated with basic emotions. Psychologists are not in agreement as to the number of emotions, which specific emotions are basic, or even if the concept itself is valid.

Answer 5

Basic Emotion

Question 6

Paul Ekman’s coding scheme of the facial muscle configurations which create expressions of basic emotion.

Answer 6

Facial Action Coding System

Question 7

A smile of genuine enjoyment or pleasure, characterized by contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle surrounding the eye. This muscle is extremely difficult to contract at will.

Answer 7

Duchenne Smile

Question 8

Implicit cultural standards and expectations which regulate the way emotion is displayed.

Answer 8

Display Rules

Question 9

The theory proposed by Carl Lange and William James which states that thoughts or the perception of events trigger direct autonomic nervous system changes; awareness of these changes reaches the cerebral cortex; and only then is there and experience of emotion.

Answer 9

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Question 10

The theory proposed by Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard which states that during the perception of an event, sensory impulses are first relayed to the thalamus. From there the impulses are relayed to the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex at about the same time, rather than to the autonomic nervous system first and secondly to the cerebral cortex, as proposed in the James-Lange theory.

Answer 10

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Question 11

The theory proposed by Stanley Scharchter and Jerome Singer which states that thoughts or perceptions of events directly trigger autonomic nervous system arousal—in agreement with the James-Lange theory. However, according to the two-factor theory, emotion will emerge only after a cognitive label is attached to the arousal to explain it.

Answer 11

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Question 12

The theory proposed by Richard Lazarus. This theory states that autonomic nervous system arousal occurs not directly, as stated in the James-Lange and two-factor theories, but only after the thought or event has been appraised so that the meaning of the event is interpreted by the person. In this theory, cognition always comes first.

Answer 12

Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory of Emotion

Question 13

These theories assume that emotions are “captured” as body memories. Each time an emotion is experienced, the sights, sounds, physiological processes, and patterns of motor activity that occur are encoded in clusters of neurons assigned to the various sensory and motor modalities of the body. Over time, these experiences build a conception of particular emotion in question, which a person may reactivate by thinking about or re-experiencing the emotion.

Answer 13

Embodied Emotion

Question 14

The idea that the facial expression associated with a basic emotion increases the intensity of the experience of that emotion; and that purposely activating the muscles which form a facial expression of basic emotion may actually result in a person experiencing the emotion itself—or at least experiencing a mood change in a positive or negative direction (depending on the specific expression).

Answer 14

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Question 15

A difficult-to-define basic emotion involving feelings of antagonism toward something of someone.

Answer 15

Anger

Question 16

From the Greek work for cleansing, this refers to the relief one may experience by expressing emotion.

Answer 16

Catharsis

Question 17

An interdisciplinary field which examines the ways that health and illness interact with psychology, biology, and society. These psychologists work in clinical settings alongside medical doctors, or in academic settings teaching and conducting research.

Answer 17

Health Psychology

Question 18

Biologists and psychologists define stress differently. Biologists usually define this as any event that threaten homeostasis of an organism. Psychologists usually define this as the psychological and physiological consequence of events which challenge a person’s ability to cope and which threaten well-being or interfere with important goals. Each specific event is termed a stressor.

Answer 18

Stress

Question 19

Walter Cannon’s term to describe the initial mammalian response to stress: activation of the sympathetic nervous system, suppression of the parasympathetic nervous system, and release of hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) of the endocrine system.

Answer 19

Fight Or Flight

Question 20

Any process which functions as the antagonist of another process. The autonomic nervous system consists of two opponent process subsystems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. If the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the parasympathetic system is suppressed. If the parasympathetic system is activated, the sympathetic system is suppressed.

Answer 20

Opponent Processes

Question 21

Hans Selye’s model for mammalian response to chronic stress. GAS consists of three phases: Phase 1 (alarm), Phase 2 (resistance), and Phase 3 (exhaustion).

Answer 21

General Adaptation System (GAS)

Question 22

Shelly Taylor’s term which describes a response to stress that utilizes a strategy different from “fight or flight.” In tend and befriend the adult affiliates with others and provides care to offspring. According to Taylor, women are far more likely than men to choose this alternate strategy for coping with stressful situations.

Answer 22

Tend and Befriend

Question 23

A stressful pressure to behave in a manner that a given ethnic group community believes is appropriate for one of its own.

Answer 23

Own-Group Conformity Pressure

Question 24

The scientific study of the interactions of psychology, nervous and endocrine systems, and immune systems.

Answer 24

Psychoneuroimmuncology

Question 25

The result of buildup of plaque along the walls of arteries, impairing their ability to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles of the heart. Plaque consists largely of fatty acids, cholesterol, and calcium deposits.

Answer 25

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Question 26

A personality type characterized (a) an exaggerated sense of urgency about time; (b) intense ambition and competitiveness; and (c) a tendency toward irritability, hostility, and a short anger fuse.

Answer 26

Type-A Personality

Question 27

Any bogus procedure or inactive (inert) substance—corn starch or milk sugar, for example—administered to a patient who believes the substance or procedure is a genuine treatment. Although these are sometimes given to patients whose symptoms have no organic cause—to satisfy the patient’s desire to be “treated”—research has shown that placebos can sometimes trigger physiological events which actually reduce symptoms.

Answer 27

Placebo

Question 28

In medical terminology, is a patient complaint of a problem. This is contrasted with a sign, which is an objective indication of the presence of disease that the physician can observe or measure by test.

Answer 28

Symptom

Question 29

In medical terminology, is an objective indication of the presence of disease that the physician can observe or measure by test (e.g., broken bone, fever, swelling, abnormal cardiogram, skin eruptions, etc.). This is contrasted with a symptom, which is a patient complaint (“I’ve been feeling dizzy and easily fatigued”).

Answer 29

Signs

Question 30

Any process by which an organism attempts to manage stress—to ensure that the demands of potentially stressful situations do not overwhelm psychological or material resources.

Answer 30

Coping

Question 31

How people explain the good and bad events of their lives and make predictions about future events based upon these explanations. One way of categorizing explanatory styles is the dimension optimism vs. pessimism.

Answer 31

Explanatory Style

Question 32

Physical exercise involving large muscle groups which increases oxygen consumption and elevates heart rate.

Answer 32

Aerobic Exercise

Question 33

Herbert Benson’s term to describe an alteration in consciousness that results in consciousness that results in decreased physiological and psychological arousal and increases attention to the moment.

Answer 33

Relaxation Response

Question 34

A form of meditation training developed by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn at University of Massachusetts Medical School. MBSR is based upon Buddhist meditation and psychology, but it lacks the emphasis on insight. The key to MBSR is mindfulness—maintaining a concentrative nonjudgmental attention to the present moment.

Answer 34

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Question 35

The perception or experience that one is loved, esteemed, and cared for by others, and is part of a network of people who engage in mutual assistance and accept mutual obligations to one another.

Answer 35

Social Support