chapter 8 Flashcards by yvonne reyes

Minerals in the body

acquired through diet

varying bioavaliability

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Oxalates

in spinach and shit. Interfere w/ absoroption of calcium and iron

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Tannins

found in tea and grains. interfere w/ absoprtion of iron

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phytic acid/ phytate

in whole grains, bran, soy, bind calcium, zinc iron and magnesium, limiting the absorption of these ZINC MG,

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functions of minerals

COFACTORS
regulate body process
fluid regulation
bone health
BP reguation
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission

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Major minerals

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur
SSPPCCM

sodium, potassium, chloride=electrolytes
hella big in fluid regulation

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sodium

major mineral
Nacl. table salt 
Fluid balance
w/ potassium--> nerve transmission
muscle contraction

AI: 1,500 mg/day for adults under 51
min to fucntion: 180 mg
UL: 2,300/day

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potassium

fluid balance
nerve transmission
muscle contraction
can help lower high BP

food sources:dairy, nuts, legumes,
PLANT BASED diet
fruits, veggies,

too much= abnormal heartbeat
Cardiac arrest

too little= muscle weakness, irregular <3beats

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Which of the following individ. Is most likely to consume adequate amounts of potassium on their diet

. Someone following thr Mediterranean diet

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Calcium

MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL IN DA BODY

when calcium levels are hihg:
calcitonin is high
calcium loss from bone
low PTH

Hypercalcemia= too much.
imparied kidney func. 
calcium deposits
risk of calcium stones
constipation
can interfer w/ absoprtion of zinc, iron, mg

too little= Osteopenia
reduced bone density
precursor to osteoperosis

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phosphorus

2nd most abundant mineral in body
most located in bones
energy bonds of ATP
acid/base regulation 
food sources:
animal based foods

too much = calcification deposits
poor bone density

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A majprity of the water in the body is locsted in the
A.extracellular
BA.intracellular 
C.interstitial
D.intravascular

Intracellular

in da cells

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The adequate ontake for sodium for people under 51 years old is
1000 mg/day
1500
200
2300

1500

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The hormone responsible for maintaining adequate levels of calcium in the blood is
Antidiuretic hormone
Gastrin
Parathyroid hormone
Inuslin

parathyroid hormone

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The regulation tjat defines whst a dietary supplement is and established labeling standards for a supplement is
DSHEA
cGMP
Us. Pharmacopial labeling act
Dietary supplement practice act

DSHEA

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Magnesium

Major mineral in body
closely associated w/ phosphorus

stabilized ATP
VIT D ant PTH regulation
nerve nd muscle unc

BONE structure
about 50% in bones
BP regulation

whole grains
most in Germ and bran
isnt replaced in enrichment

deficiency
changes in BP and <3beat

High Blood Pressure

hypertension
silent killa
risk of
atheroscerloris
stroke
kidney failure

uncontrollabe factors:
family history, aging, ethnicity

Which of the following minerals is not associated with the improvement of blood pressure
Phophorus
Calcium
Magnesium 
Potassium

Phosphorus

DASH

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

High in whole grains, fruits, veggies, low fat dairy
8-10 servings of fruit and veggies
2-3 servings of low fat dairy
6-8 servings of whole grains

lower in sat fats, cholesterols and weets,

impoved results if reduced sodium intake
diet high in potassium, mg, and calcium

Sulfur

cysteine and methionene
assit w/ 3D protein sturcture

found inprotein in foods
thiamin and biotin
nonfood addtives

Trace minerals

iron, zinc, manganase, selenium, iodine, fluoride, chromium and molybdenum

less than 100 mg a day

Iron

Heme-iron
Non-heme ion

Part of hemoglobin in RBCs
transports O2
picks up CO2 waste

myoglibin–> stores O2 in muscles
helps enzymes make neutrotransmitters in brain
immune function

MOST COMMON DEFICEINCY IN US and WORLDWIDE

women need more iron than men b/c of periods

Heme-iron vs. non-heme iron

part of myoglobin and hemoglobin
ANIMAL SOURCES
easily absorbed

non-heme iron
not easily absorbed
PLANT FOODS
iron enriched break and grain, legumes, apricots, potatoes

to enhance absoption of non-heme: consume foods high in vit C
have some damn meat
cook foods in iron pan/skillets

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Most common nutritional deficiency in the world.

microcytic anemia. dont have hemoglobin in them

Iron Toxicity

also hella common Constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea overload can fuck up <3, kidneys, liver and NS Hemochromatosis- genetic disorder that can cause iron overload

Copper

is part of hella proteins connective tissue synth, lipid metabolism Is tied to IRON status part of protein needed to transport iron from intestinal cells deficiency: affects immune func, collagen synth, cholesterol levels can be result of overload of zinc supp dietary sources: organ mean, seafood, chocolate, nuts,seeds, whole grain

Zinc

trace mineral involved w/ enzymes DNA and RNA synth production of WBCs wound healing stabalization of cell membranes Absorbed better from animal sources than plant ones bioavalibility reduced due to phytate, fiber, o xalate, tannins vegetarians may need to consume 50% or more from diet

Selenium

trace mineral part of selected enzymes called selenoproteins help regulate thyroid hormones act as antioxidant possible prevention of colon and prostate cancer? food: meat, seafood, ceral, grains, dairy, fruits too much = Selenosis causes brittle nails loss of hair, rash garlicky breath, NS damage KESHAN DISEASE

Keshan disease

Selenium deficiency damages the heart seen in rural areas

Fluoride

protects against dental caries bone health sources: fluorated drinking water foods are NOT good source ta, bones of marine fish and toothpaste too much= fluorsis- molting and staining during infancy too litte: increases risk of dental caries

Iodine

``` trace mineral thyroid function needed to make hormones sources: iodized salt ``` excess can impair thyroid func inadequate intake: Enlarged thyrid gland. GOITER iodine deficiency during early stages of fetal development= CRETENISM

CRETENISM

iodine deficiency during early fetal development

GOITER

enlarged thyroid gland | iodine deficiency

``` A dietary source of non heme iron includes Milk Beans or legumes Beef Sardines ```

beans and legumes non heme come from plants.