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Nutrition 202 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

define Vitamin

A

organic compounds ESSENTIAL in the diet to promote growth and maintenance

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2
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins

  • Thiamin (b1)
  • Riboflavin (b2)
  • Niacin (b3)
  • ^not referred as B vits
  • biotin
  • pantothenic acid
  • vitamin B6
  • folate (folic acid
  • vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C
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3
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins

A

D

E

K

“ADEK”

neeed fat in the diet to be absorbed

need bile to be absorbed.

absorbed into LYMPH

store in liver and fatty tissues

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4
Q

provitamin

A

consumed and Absorbed as inactive or vitamin precursor that must be converted into active form.

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5
Q

role of coenzymes in the function of enzymes

A

ALL B VITAMINS ARE COENZYMES

they bind to enzymes to promote their activity

carries e-, atoms or chemical groups that participate in the reaction

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6
Q

Antioxidants (and the vitamins that serve as them)

A

Antioxidants help neutralize/ stabalize reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals).

free radicals are lacking an electron so they steal from others and fuck em up

**Vitamin C, E, and Selenium **

Selenium E, C= SEC

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7
Q

Reference used to determine safe and apporiate level of dietary intake of vitamin

A

RDA or AI are used, but NOT both. some have a UL

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8
Q

Relationship w/ b6, folate, and b12 in metabolism of methianine. relationship of homocystine and <3 disease *

A

folate needed for snyth of DNA. not enough causes macrocytic anemia.

supplemental folic acid can prevent mactocytic anemia.

folate and b12 are CODEPENDENT to convert homocystine to methionine. if either is lacking, homocystine levels rise and increase risk of <3 disease.

vit b6 converts homocystine–> cystine

supplementation of b vitamins WILL NOT reduce risk of <3 disease

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9
Q

Beriberi vitamin deficiency

A

Too much/ little T H I A M I N

symptoms: fatigue, weakness, depression, poor coordination, PARALYSIS

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10
Q

wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (vit. deficiency)

A

Associated with

A L C O H O L A B U S E

progressively damaging brain disorder

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11
Q

pellagra (vit. def.)

A

N I A C I N deficiency

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

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12
Q

Microcytic anemia (vit. def)

A

deficiency in Vitamin B6.

poor growth, skin lesions, poor immune systmem

has role w/ RBC synth

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13
Q

scurcy (vit def)

A

Vit C deficiency

swollen bleeding gums, rash, coiled arm hairs, wounds that wont heal

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14
Q

neural tube defects (spina bifida/anancephaly) vit def.

A

Inadequate intake of folate/folic acid before and during pregnancy

Spina bifida= incomplete development of spinal cord/ spine

anencephaly= incomplete development of brain, skull, scalp. babies die.

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15
Q

rickets/ osteomalacia (vit def)

A

Vit D deficiency

Rickets in children- bowing legs

Osteomalacia in adults- softening of bones

may progress in osteoperosis

too much= high calcium in blood and urine. can cause calclium deposits and fuck up kidneys and <3

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16
Q

Vitamin C and the common cold

A

will not reduce risk of catching common cold.

may reduce the DURATION of it.

supplements do not prevent cancer

17
Q

those who benefit from vit. supplements

A

those on weight loss consuming less than 1600 kcal

dietratry restrictions

those who do not drink milk or dairy shit

those w/ dark pigmentation

cigaretter smokers

vegans and vegeratians

young women

pregnant women

18
Q

regulation of “dietary supplements” and labeling standards

A

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

redfined the term “dietary supplement”

FDA does not regulate supplements

Current Good Manufactoring Practive (cGMP regulation)

makes manufactors test for purity, strength and composition

look for US Pharmacopeial label

19
Q

herbal supplements

A

non-weoody seed producing plant that dies at end of growing season

botanical- used for medicinal purposes

20
Q

Fortified and enriched vitamins

A

Enriched vitamins are ADDED back into foods after being lost.

shit that is enriched:

thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, Folic acid, iron.

NOTE: magnesium is not added back in

Fortification:

adding shit to foods that WASNT in there naturally

ex. vit D in milk

21
Q

absorbing vitamins

A
  1. mouth
  2. stomach. (some niacin absorbed here)
  3. gall baldder releases bile, emulsifies, helps absorb fat soluble vits
  4. pancreas secretes that help vits be released from foods
  5. Small intestine- fat souble are made to micelles and absorbed by simple diffusion. inside the mucosal cell they are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymph before heading over to the blood
  6. water soulble vits are absorbed from small intestine directly into the blood.
  7. vit b12 is absorbed in the lower portion of small intesine
  8. large intestine- bacteria synth small amounts of vits, some absorbed
22
Q

Thiamin

A

First b vitamin discovered

coenzyme needed for **breakdown of glucose to provide energy **

needed for metabolism of other sugars, certain amino acids and synth of ribose

important in nerve function b/c gluce is nerve cell energy source. needed for synth of neurotransmitters

found in hella amounts in porkm lentils, trough. also good amount in grains (spaghetti, brown rice, white/ whole wheat bread) same amount in white and whole wheat

23
Q

Riboflavin functions and having too much/little

A

forms 2 active coenzymes in reactions that make ATP from _Carbs, Fat and Protei_n

converts vits to active form:

Folate, niacin, vi b6, vit k

Milk is excelled source of riboflavin. makes pee yellow

too much/ too little:

tissues have rapid turn over.

mucosal lining of mouth, tongue and eyes

Symptoms: injuries heal hella slow, lips crack and so do corners of the mouth, sensitive to light, skin flaking.

24
Q

Niacin functions, unique, toxicity

A

Functions:

coenzyme for energy metabolism

glucose and fat

SYNTH of CHOLESTEROL

maintaining health of skin cells and digest. systm

**UNIQUE: CAN BE MADE FROM TRYPTOPHAN! **

Toxicity: from too much supplementation.

symptoms: flushing, nausea, tingling of extremeties

L I V E R D A M A G E

decreases LDL and triglycerides, increases HDL.

_Deficiency: _

Pellagra

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

25
Q

Folate vs. folic acid

and functions of

A

Folate is whats naturally found in foods.

Folic Acid is what is synth from folate. Its fortified foods and supplements. its absorbed easier than folate.

Functions:

Amino acid metabolism

Coenzme for DNA synth

important for Rapidly Dividing Cells (so pregnancy)

found in hella amounts in Lentils and grains

Too much/little:

formation of abnornally large, immature RBCs

M A C R O C Y T I C A N E M I A

neural tube defects (spina bifida/ anancephaly)

can reduce risk of some cancers: colon, pancreatic, breast, ovarian

26
Q

Vitamin B6

A

coenzyme for hella enzymes in Protein Metabolism to create nonessential mino acids and hemoglobin in RBCs.

breakdown of glycogen for glucose

conversion of tryptophan –> niacin

3 forms: pyriodoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

active coenzyme: pyridxial phosphate

In B6, the amino acids go to methionice and when being broken down it makes HOMOCYSTINE which in high amounts can fuck your <3 up. then vit b6 converts to cystine

Found in meats in high amount. low amount in grains. is NOT enriched back in.

too much= nerve damage

too little= poor growth, skin lesions, shitty immune system

**MICROCYTIC ANEMIA **

27
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

Folate deficiency

large, immature RBCs

Vitamin B12 deficeincy as well due to lack of Intrinsic factor. Pernicious anemia and Nerver damage

folate and b12 are codependent

28
Q

Vitamin B12

A

The only water soluble vitamin stored in body in high amounts (like 2 yrs)

important for ATP production from fatty acids

amino acid and protein metabolism

HOMOCYSTINE to methionine conversion

high homocystine linked to <3 disease

Myelin coating of nerve cells

NOT FOUND IN PLANTS

found naturally only in animal products

29
Q

B12 absorption

A

b12 needs HCl to denature. Intrinsic factor to bind to protein. distal ileum to absorb it

  1. b12 bound to protein
  2. in stomach, Hcl and pesin help release of b12
  3. cells in stomach lining release ** I N T R I N S I C F A C T O R**
  4. upper portion of small intestine (duodenum), IF bind to B12
  5. in ileum, b12, IF complex binds to receptors and allows absoprtipon.
  6. in colon, b12 is synth by mucroog but no absorbed

over time, ability to absorb b12 declines due to decrease of stomach acid production. people over 50 years old. supplements are now needed

30
Q

Biotin function, unique, defeiciency

A

function: Coenzyme for

Glucose synth

metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Sources:

cooked eggs, liver, yogurt, nuts

SYNTH BY GUT BACTERIA IN GI

deficiency:

nausea, thin hair, rash, depression, lethargy

raw eggs have advin which binds to biotin and causes deficiency

31
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Part of coenzyme A needed for

carbs, fatty acids and amino acid break down

mod of proteins

synth of neurotransmitters

sources:

all around foods, hella in meat, eggs, whole grains

32
Q

Vitamin C and smokers

A

smokers need 35+ mg a day b/c smoking increased breakdown and elimination of vit c from da body

33
Q

Vitamin C. (known as, fucntions)

A

Ascorbic acid

functions:

COLLAGEN SYNTH

assists w/ snyth of

hormones

neurotransmitters

carnitine

Breaks down histamine

Acts as antioxidant

Regenerated Vit E

Supports immune system

Enchances IRON absoription in GI

Deficiency= SCURCY

causes nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea

symptoms: swollen, bleeding gums, rash

34
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

need bil

35
Q

Vitamin A

A

1 cause of preventable blindess in children. mostly in developing countires

provitaminA: precursor

Retinoids= preformed vit A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Carotenoids- shit in carrots.

Functions:

Cell differentation

EYE FUNCTION

carotenoids may func as antioxidants

Preformed vit A= animals

Provitamin A= Plants

hella preformed Vit A can cause

Liver damage

bone fracturing

during preggo, can cause birth defects

Provatim AL

converts retinol when needed

too much: hypercatonemia- orange hands

risk for smokeers. increases risk of cancer

Chronic vit A deficiency: XEROPTHALMIA. starts w/ night blindness.

permanent damange to cornea

vit A difeiciency due to insufficient intake of vit A, fat, protein, and Zinc

vit A metabolism linked w/ zinc.

if zinc low, vit a deficincey will happen

36
Q

Vitamin D

A

SUNSHINE vitamin

can be produced in skin by UV exposeure

natural sources: liver, oily fish, egg yolk

functions:

nervex, muscles, glands, bones

Vit D and PARATHYROID hromine regulate level of calcoum and phosphorus in foods

stimulated intestinal absorption

pulls calcium from bones

VIT D ACTIVATED IN KIDNEYS

may prevent cancer (breast, ovarian, colon, prostate)

can reduce risk of <3 disaese, autoimmune disease, diabetes

more vitamin D as aging accours. reduced ability to absorb

deficiency in children= rickets. in adults= osteomalacia

37
Q

Vitamin E

A

POWERFUL antioxidant

Aphpa-tocopherol is most active form

protects cell membranes

prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol

reduces blood clotting when in large dose

Is regenerated by Vit A so i can func as free radical

sunflower oil, seeds, almonds

**too much= Hemorrhage **

38
Q

Vitamin K

A

Klotting

unique source: Synth by Intestinal bacteria *biotin*

comes in 2 forms:

Menaquionone (synth w/ biotin) and phylloquionone (found in plants)

important to bone health

BLOOD CLOTTING

synth of 4 blood clotting factors

sunflower oil, mustard greens, kiwi

people on blod thinners need to have consitent vit k intake

infants at risk cause they haz no immune systm.

Nutrition 202 (14 decks)

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