Ch 11 (exam 3) Flashcards
Amniotic sac
membrane that surrounds the fetus. contains amniotic fluid
placenta
- secretes hormones that support pregnancy
- transfers O2 and nutrients from maternal and fetal blood
- removes waste
Birth weights (very low, low, pretrm, LGA,SGA)
preterm/premature: born before 37 weeks of gestation
Low birth weight: >5.5 lbs(2.5kg)
Very low birth weight >3.3 (1.5kg)
Large or small for Gestational age–>self explanatory
SGA–> risk of increased illness/death
LGA–> increased risk of being obese later in life
weight gain during pregnancy
the fatter you are, the less weight you should gain during pregnancy.
underweight gains the most (30), followed by, normal, overweight and obese(15).
heartburn, constipation and morning sickness during pregnancy
<3burn
- common cause the sphincter relaxes, which allows acidic stomach shit to leak into the esophagus.
- as pregnancy progresses, it gets worse cause the uterus crowds the stomach
Constipation
- relaxed muscles of the colon are less efficient
- becomes more of a problem in later pregnancy cause pressure is exerted from the fetus.
morning sickess
- could be linked to hella hormones
Nutritional needs during pregnancy
(energy, protein, fat, fluid, calcium, vit d, folate,iron)
Energy
- 1st trimester: none
- 2nd: incresed by 340 cal
- 3rd: increased by 432 cal
- causes increase in need for B vitamine (thaimin, niacin, roboflavin)
Protein
- Increased by 25 g above RDA
Fluid
- because of increased blood volume
Fat
- increased intake of ESSENTIAL Fatty Acids
- L I N O L E I C & A L P H A L I N O L E N I C acid
- gets incorporated in placental and fetal tissues
- DHA and ARA (arachadonic acid) needed for fetal development of: EYES and NERVOUS SYSTEM
Calcium
- SAME as non preg. but the calcium absorption in GI DOUBLES
- inadequate calcium intake linked to—>Preeclampsia
Vitamin D
- SAME as non preggo
- adequate vit D needed for calcum absoprtion
Folate
- Needed fir DNA synth and cell division
- for infant: risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida and anancephaly), premature delivery, Low birth weight
- prevents MACROcytic anemia
- recommended intake before and during pregnancy. More from folic acid and and additional amount(not as much) from folate, since folate is easier to absorb
Iron
- additional iron needed for production of additional RBC. prevent anemia and for fetal growth and deveoplent
- supplements recommended since its hard to get in the diet
Zinc
- additional needed for synth of proteins
- RNA,DNA synth
factors that increase risk assocaited with pregnancy
- alchohol intake–> Fetal Alcohol syndrome
- cigarette smoke–>carbon monoxide in cig binds to hemoglobin in blood and reduced O2 delivery to fetus.
- nicotine=teratogen
- affects brain development
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
excessive caffiene–> low birth weight babies, miscarriage
Mercury can cause, brain, hearing, and vision problems (careful w/ excess fish intake)
- Food borne illness: LISTERA MONOCYTOGENS.
- found in uncooked hotfogs
- lunch meat
- unpasteurized milk/cheese
food cravings and aversions
PICA
due to hormones, aversions or cravings may arise.
craving for non food items–> PICA
ex. eating soil
teratogen
chemical or biological substance present in environment, cosumed in diet, meds, or recreational drug use
critcal periods of development
fertalization
embryonic development
CNS, <3, extremeties, eyes, ears, //// teeth, genitalia (going into fetal development, )
fetal development
- may be fucked due to shitty folate or folic acid intake
- having too much PREFORMED VIT A can harm fetus’ kidneys and CNS
Gestational diabetes
high blod glucose level that develops during pregnancy
concerns for infant
- LGA
- developing DM (type 2 diabetes) later in life
- difficult delivery
- low blood glucose levels after delivery
Risk factors for developing GDM
- overweight/obese
- over 25
- family history
- being hispanic, af amer, nat amer
- history of GDM or previously large baby
pregnancy induced hypertension
(gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia)
includes:
- Gestational hypertension
- preeclampsia
- high BP w/ severe edema and protein in urine
- no cure, medical monitoring
- if severe, bed rest is required
- can reduce blood blow to fetus. risk of SGA infant
- eclampsia
- seizures in mother
- major cause of death in preggo women
most common in women who:
- diagnosed w/ HTN before preg
- diagnosed w/ kidney disease before preg
- under 18 or over 35
- low income mamas
- may be due to low calcium. some supplementation may be needed for women
Milk production and let down (prolactin, oxytocin)
prolactin: triggers production of milk in breast
oxytocin: causes milk to be let down
energy, water, essential FA needs for lactating women
first 6 months
- extra 500 calories needed
- 170 come from fat stores
- 330 come from diet?
during 2nd six months
- 400 calories/day from food
protein
- increased by 25g/day above DRI
fluid
- mom needs additional liter of water/day
- avoid alcohol and drugs, limit caffeine, careful with meds
shit that isnt incresed in pregnancy and lactation
dont increase
- vit d
- calcium
increased
- folate
iron needs are reduced during lactation.
