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Nutrition 202 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Organ

Organ system

A

a structure that is made up of more than 1 tissue that perfoms a specialized function

A group of organs that woek together to perform a specific task

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2
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Lungs
  • trachea
  • air passageways

supplies blood with O2 and removes CO2

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3
Q

Urinary system

A
  • Kidneys and associated structures

eliminates wastes and regulates the balance of water, electrolytes, and acid in the blood.

* Eliminates metabolic waste products*

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4
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • adrenal gland
  • thyroid gland

secretes that regulate process such as growth, reprodution, and nutrient use

*HORMONES*

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5
Q

Digestive system organs

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • salivary glands
  • esophagus
  • liver
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • gallbaldder
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
    *
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6
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down of food into nutrients so they can be absorbed

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7
Q

Absorption

A

goes from inside the lumen to the body

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8
Q

Mucus

A

secreated from mucosal cells lining the digestive tract

  • moistens
  • lubricates
  • protects
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9
Q

Enzymes

A

speed up reactions

for digestion, they help break down larger molecules into smaller ones

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10
Q

hormones

A

chemicals secreted from cells which travel through bloodstream to signal cells in another part of the body

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11
Q

bolus

A

ball of food with saliva

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12
Q

Epiglottis

A

blocks food from entering TRACHEA (windpipe) and lungs during swallowing

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13
Q

Sphincters

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

pyloric sphincter

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14
Q

Stomach

A

serves as TEMPORARY STORAGE of food

the stomach lining produces gastric juices

the churning of stomahc muscles mixes food

  • very little absorption
  • water, alcohol, aspirin, tylenol

ends in chyme

leaves through pyloric sphincter to small intestine

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15
Q

Gastric juice

A

Contains:

  • water
  • pepsiongen (precurser to pepsin-digestive enzyme for protein)
  • Mucus
  • Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl)
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16
Q

Hydrochloric acid in stomach

A
  • kills microorganisms
  • unfolds protein (denaturing)
  • activates pepsin
  • inhibits amylase (dig. enzyme for carbs)
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17
Q

small intestine

A

approx 20 ft long

MAIN SITE OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION

divided in 3:

  • duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum

inside of it is called lumen.

has large circular folds

18
Q

segmentation

A

rhytmic constrictions that move food. like peristalsis

19
Q

Accessory organs to digestion

A
  • Liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
    *
20
Q

Pancreas (juice it secretes)

A

secretes pancreatic juice containing

  • bicarbonate- neutralized stomach acid
  • pancreatic amylase- digestion of carbs
  • pancreatic proteases- protein breakdown
  • pancreatic lipases- fats

PA,PP,PL and bicarbonate

21
Q

Brush border

A

secretes digestive enzymes for

  • Carbohydrates
  • proteins

are on microvilli?

22
Q

Liver function

A
  • produces and secretes BILE
  • emulsifies fat so lipases can access molecules
23
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores bile and releases it?

24
Q

Types of transport across membranes

A
  • Difusion
    • simple
    • facilitated
  • Osmosis
  • active transport
25
Q

Diffusion (simple and facilitated)

A

movmement of substances from HI–>LO areas of concentration

  • Simple
    • diffusion across membranes
  • Facilitated
    • diffusion though a membrane protein
26
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of WATER across membranes

27
Q

Active transport

A

movement of substances aceoss membranes against concentration gradients through membrane protein

*requires energy*

28
Q

Large Intestine

A

~5 ft long

  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anus

absorption of water, some vitamins and mineals

forms feces/shit

has intestinal micoflora (gut microbiome)

29
Q

Intestinal microflora

A
  • beneficial bacteria
  • breaks down fiber
  • synthesizes some vitamins

Probiotics

  • cibtaubs beneficial bacteria

prebiotics

  • food supply for said beneficial bacteria
30
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A
  • mouth saliva lubricates, amylase starts carb dig, chewing
  • pharynx epiglottis keeps shit in right path
  • esophagus peristalsis begins
  • stomach food storage, acid killz, unflods proteins, activates pepsin produces chyme
  • small intestines most dig. and abs. pancreatic enzymes digest and bicarbonate neutralizes acid. bile emulsifies fat
  • large intestines absorb water, bacteria digest fiber, make vitamins
  • rectum stores feces
31
Q

Water soluble nutrients are absorbed into

A

capillaries then circulatory system

Cap–> Circ

32
Q

Lipid soluble nutrients are absorbed into

A

Lacteals then lymphatic system

empties into circulatory system

Lipds–>Lacteals–>Lymphatic system

33
Q

metabolism

A

breakdown/syntehsis of molecules

cells use nutrients for energy or to build structures and regulatory molecules

34
Q

white blood cells (types)

A

in digestive tissue, they recognize and destory foreign antigens

  • Phagocytes
    • eat organisms
  • lymphocytes
    • destory infected cells or secrete anitbodies that bind to antigens leading to their destruction
35
Q

Food allegies

A

immune system reacts to nonharmful antigens called ALLERGENS

  • 1st exposure
    • production of ANTIBODIES
  • _​_2nd exposure
    • release of HISTAMINE
    • symptoms ensure
      • redness, swelling, hives, tingling on tongue/lips, difficulty breathing, decreased bp, vomitting, cramps

anaphylactic shock is a hella allergic shock that needs epinephrine (epi-pen)

common allergies: peanuts, milk, soy, wheat

36
Q

Celiac disease

A

Autoimmune condition due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat, rye and barley that form:

gluten

makes the lumen of small intestine to flatten

  • reduces surface area
  • malabsoprtion results

symptoms:

  • bloating
  • abdominal cramps
  • weight loss
  • anemia (iron deficiency in this case)

NO cure

only treatment: avoid foods with gluten

(Rye, wheat, barley, some oats)

can eat:

potatoes, beans, vegetable, fruit, meat

37
Q

Heartburn VS GERD

A

heartburn is occasional reflux

GERD is chrnoic

can lead to:

  • esophageal bleeding
  • ulcers
  • cancer of esophagus

Management:

  • smaller meals
  • beerages between meals
  • avoiding fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint
  • upright after eating
  • avoid smoking/ alcohol
38
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

penetration of mucus lining which allows pepsin to damage to damage GI lining

helicobacter pylori (h.pylori)

39
Q

Gallstones

A

solid material accumulates in the gallbladder and/or ducts that drain bile to small intestine

symptom: pain

may need cholecystectomy

gall bladder removal

need to avoid fatty shit

40
Q

Diarrhea

A

frequent watery stool

caused by:

  • bacterial or vial infections
  • medications
  • chronic diseases
  • passage of undigested food into large intestine
41
Q

Constipation

A

dry hard stoold

caused by

  • too little fiber in diet
  • too little water in diet
  • lack of exercise
  • cerain meds

can lead to diverticula

pouches protruding out from colon wall

pressure on colon wall, can become infected and perforate and spill into body

Nutrition 202 (14 decks)

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