Chapter 6 Flashcards
Sources of protein (dietary sources)
**Animal Based: **
- meat, eggs, dairy
- provideB bitamine and some absorbable minerals
- HIGH IN SAT FAT AND CHOLESTEROL
Plant based:
- grains, nuts, legumes (peas, peantuts, beans, soybeans,lentils)
- High in FIBER, phytochemicals and unsat fat
- Low in SAT FAT. NO CHOLESTEROL
Structure of proteins
contain:
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- NITROGEN
- CHON
**elemental compononent of proteins are A M I N O A C I D S **
Amino acids:
- Acid group (-COOH)
- Amine group (-NH2)
- Unique side chain <— it distinguishes them
Essential and Non-essential Amino Acids ( the amount of them)
20 different amino acids. 9 are essential. 11 are nonessential
conditionally essential amino acids cannot be made in body in adequate amounds under certain conditions
Essential Amino Acids
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
**PVT. TIM HaLL **
Peptide bond
The bond between 2 amino acids in which the acid group of 1 amino acids is connected to the AMINE group of another amino acid
Dipeptide: 2 amino acids
tripeptide: 3 amino acids
Polypeptide: many
Denaturation
Alteration of a proteins 3D structure
due to heat, acids, bases or salts
ex. cooking meat or eggs will denature the protin
with HCl in stomach, denaturing is going on in us
Protein digetsion and absorption
- Mouth
- Stomach (HCl, and pepsin)
- small intestine (enzymes secreted from pancreas. polypetides broken into amino acids, dipeptide and tripeptides) P E P S I N
- tansport proteins move digestion into mucosal cell
- dipeptides and tirpeptides enter mucosal cell. they are broken down into single amino cids
- amino acids pass from mucosal cell into blood and travel to the LIVER.
- little dietary protein is lost in feces
pepsinogen and pepsin
Pepsiogen= inactive
pepsin= acitve
Absoption of amio acids need what kind of transport?
A C T I V E T R A N S P O R T
** **amino acids move from LOW conc to HIGH conc
Creation of nonessential amino acids
Transfer of amene group from one animo acid to another.
T R A N S A N I M A T I O N
Synthesis of new proteins ( what molecules carry out instructions for protein synth? and the steps of the process)
- mRNA
- tRNA
- Ribosomes
DNA cant lead the nucleus. so it sends mRNA to leave the nuceleus and go into the cytoplasm and it gets wid a ribosome. and then the tRNA reads the mRNA
- protein synth starts in N U C L E U S by transcribing the shit from DNA into mRNA (transcription)
- mRNA takes genetic info from nuclues to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
- tRNA read the genetic code and delievers needed amino acids to ribosomes to form a polypeptide chain. (translation)
Protein functions
- speed up chem. reactions (enzymes)
- structures
- some chemical storage (hormones)
- transportation of substances
- movement of muscles
- immunity
- blood clotting
- fluid balance
Using proteins for energy
Amino acids are not stored in da body
when caloric intake is not met, amino acids can be used as a source of glucose to *make energy. *
but before the amino acids are used, the amine group in them needs to be removed through *D E A N I M A T I O N *
it procudes urea, which is exreted in da urine
Inadequate protein intake
poor energy intake for prolonged periods may cause protein deficiency causing
** E D E M A**
and increased infections
PEM (protein-energy mannutriton)- covers a range of protein/ energy deficiency conditions
Kwashiorkor VS. Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Pure P R O T E I N deficiency
Edema in da belly
**Marasmus **
severe engergy and protein deficiency
chacterized by wasting.
Protein Excess
elevated protein intake over long periods of time result in
- hydration and kidney function issues
- increased calcium loss in urine
- effects on bone health is questionable
- Increased risk for:
- heart disease
- cancer
- kidney stones
- can displace other nutrient and fiber rich foods associated w/ a reduced risk of chronic diseases. whole grains, fruits, veggies. cardiovascular disease and cancer
- Increased risk for:
Food allergies and intolerances
Food allergies are triggerd when a protein from the diet is abosorbed w/o being completely digested
Celiac Disease
Autoimmune disease due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat, rye, and barley
G L U T EN in da grain
the lumen of the small intestine is Flattened
RDA for protein in adults
0.80 g/kg/day
the more you weigh, the more protein you need. also if you’re pregnant or lactating, have an injury/infeection or are an athlete
AMDR for protein
10-35%
how much is needed?
140 lbs–> 63.6 kg
(140/2.2) = kg
k3.6 kg x 0.8 g/kg= 51 kg protein/day
complete dietary proteins
proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids w/ some nonessential ones.
ex: animal proteins, soy proteins. maybe quinoa
Incomplete proteins
proteins low in onre or more animo acid
“limiting amino acid”
ex plant proteins.
they are made complete by adding complementary proteins.
ex: rice and beans
Types of vegetatarian diets
Semivegitarian
- no red meat
Pescetarian
- excludes all animals except fish
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
- exludes all animals but includes eggs and dairy
lacto vegetarian
- excludes all animal shit. includes dairy
vegan
- excludes all animal shit
benefits of vegetarian diets
lower body weight
reduced incidences of
- high BP
- type 2 diabetes
- <3 disease
- certain cancerts
Benefits:
- high fiber and phytochemicals
- low saw fat and cholesterol diet
