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Theories of Personality > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Raymond Cattell: Life

A

1905-1998
Born in England

Parents: High standards, permissive
Happy childhood

Psychology difficult in England
Moved to US – high productivity

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2
Q

Raymond Cattell’s Approach to Traits

A

Traits

Reaction tendencies, relatively permanent

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3
Q

Temperament Traits

A

Temperament Traits:

Behavioral style in response to environment

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4
Q

Cattell’s Approach to Traits (3)

A 
Source Traits
Stable, permanent
Constitutional Traits
Source traits dependent on physiology.
Environmental-mold Traits
Source traits learned from social/ environmental interactions.
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5
Q

Cattell: Source Traits

A

Cattell identified 16 source traits

Used in 16 Personality Factor (16 PF) Questionnaire

Presented in bipolar form (two ends of continuum)

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6
Q

Cattell: Influences of Heredity and Environment

A

Interest in relative influences

Similarities in twins reared apart to estimate extent of genetic and environmental influence of traits

Intelligence & timidity highly heritable

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7
Q

Cattel: Stages of Personality Development–Infancy to Adolescence

A

Stage: Infancy
Age: Birth-6
Development: weaning; toilet training; ego; superego; attitudes

Stage: Childhood
Age: 6-14
Development: independence from parents; identification with peers

Stage: Adolescence
Development: 14-23
Development: sex, independence

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8
Q

Cattell: Stages of Personality Development–Maturity-Old Age

A

Stage: Maturity
Age: 23-50
Development: career, marriage, family

Stage:Late Maturity
Age: 50-65
Development: response to change

Stage: Old Age
Age: 65+
Development: Loss of friends, career, status

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9
Q

Cattell: Questions about Human Nature

A
  • more toward determinism
  • nature and nurture focus
  • past and present experiences
  • uniqueness and universality emphasized
  • optimistic
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10
Q

Assessment in Cattell’s Theory

A

L-Data:
-life record ratings of behaviours observed in real-life situations

Q-Data:
-self-report questionnaire data

T-data:

  • data derived from personality tests resistant to faking
  • 16PF test
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11
Q

Reflections on Cattell’s Theory

A

Contributions

  • widely respected, seldom read
  • more popular in europe
  • trait approach continutes to fascinate

Criticims:

  • subjectivity in Factor-analytic approach
  • difficult to replicate
  • complexity–lack of acceptance
  • defended apprach as the only one
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12
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A
  • stufy of relationship between genetic or heredity factors and personality traits
  • Allport and Cattell among first to suggest role of inherited factors in personality
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13
Q

Life of Hans Eysenck

A

1916-1997
Born in Germany

  • Immigrated to england from germany when Hitler came to power in 1934
  • not academically qulaified for physics; psychology a fall-back
  • long, productive career
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14
Q

Eysenck: Dimensions of Personality

A

Superfactors:

  • combinations of traits or factors
  • stable from child to adult

Dimensions

  • extraversion vs. introvesion
  • neuroticism vs. emotional stability
  • Psychoticism vs. Impulse Control
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15
Q

Eysenck: Extraversion

A

-sociable, impulsive, adventurous, dominant, assertive

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16
Q

Eysenck: Cortical arousal

A

Extraverts: Lower base level, seek excitement

Introverts: Higher base level
avoid excitement

**mixed research results; some genetic basis

17
Q

Eysenck: Neuroticism

A

anxious, depressed, tense, irrational, moody

Sympathetic Nervous System:

  • tends to be overreactive
  • largely inherited
  • research suggests neurotics work better under stress
18
Q

Eysenck: Psychoticism

A

aggressive, antisocial, tough-minded, cold, egocentric

parents:

  • authoritarian and controlling parents
  • mixed gender findings, some support criminality
19
Q

Eysenck: Primary role of Heredity

A
  • compared identical (monozygotic) to fraternal (dizygotic) twins
  • identical twins more similar
  • adoption studies show more similarity with biological parents
20
Q

Costa and McCrae: Five-Factor Model

A

research revealed five factors:

  • Neuroticism
  • Extraversion
  • openness
  • agreeableness
  • conscientiousness
  • Self-observer ratings, objective tests
  • -NEO Personality Inventory

-All but agreeableness show heritability

21
Q

Cross-Cultural Consistency and Stability

A
  • Five factors in eastern and western cultures
  • differences by culture

stability:

  • childhood to adulthood
  • early to mid-adulthood

Decreases in neuroticism

  • adolescence to adulthood
  • 40s to 60s
22
Q

Emotional Correlates

A 
Well-being: 
High extraversion
low neuroticism
high aggreeableness
high conscientiousness

extraversion:
social support
positive emotions

neuroticism:
negative outcomes

23
Q

Behavioural Correlates

A

Conscuentiousness:

  • better grades an work
  • increased health

Aggreeableness
-fewer behaviour problems

General:

  • high predictive value of traits
  • some controversy about number of factors
24
Q

Ashton and Lee: HEXACO Six-Factor Model

A

Honesty-Humility
-sincere, honest, faithful

Emotionality:
-emotional, oversensitive, faithful, anxious

Extraversion:
-outgoing, lively, sociable, cheerful

Agreeableness:
-tolerant, peaceful, gentle, agreeable

Conscientiousness:
-disciplined, diligent, thorough, precise

Openness to Experience
-creative, innovative, unconvential

25
Q

Personality Traits and Internet

A

Neuroticism:

  • internet addiction
  • post more photos on facebook
  • women more likely to blog

Extraversion:
-use social media sites more

Psychoticism:
-substitute internet for face to face realtionships

Conscientiousness:
-more facebook friends

26
Q

Reflections on Behaviour and Personality

A
  • behavioral genetics findings may require research restructuring
  • caution to avoid rushing to extreme views

Personality
-genetics and environment

27
Q

common traits

A

Common Traits: possessed by all

28
Q

unique traits

A

Unique Traits: possessed by few.

29
Q

ability traits

A

Ability Traits: skills & work toward goals

30
Q

Dynamic traits

A

Dynamic Traits:

Describe motivations and interests

31
Q

surface traits

A

Surface Traits:

Correlated traits without common factor/source

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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