Chapter 8

Question 0

Associative Learning

Answer 0

Learning that certain events occur together

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 4

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 4

Russian physiologist that studied digestive systems of dogs, know for classical conditioning experiments

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

Unlearned response that is automatically associated the US

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

Stimulus that doss not elicit any response

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

Originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association to an US, comes to trigger a CR

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

Learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

The initial state in classical conditioning, new response is established and gradually strengthened

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The weakening of the CR in the absence of the US

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

The CR can appear again without further conditioning

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the CR

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

Learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

Question 15

John Garcia

Answer 15

Famous for taste aversion experiments

Question 16

Taste Aversion

Answer 16

Acquisition only takes one time because the response is so strong (hating a food because of a bad memory)

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 18

Respondent Behavior

Answer 18

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, involuntary

Question 19

Operant Behavior

Answer 19

Behavior that operates on the environment produces consequences, voluntary

Question 20

B. F. Skinner

Answer 20

Behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure, pioneering study with rats, operate chamber “Skinner box”

Question 21

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 21

Law of effect and puzzle box experiment

Question 22

Law of Effect

Answer 22

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

“Skinners box” puzzle box for animal to reach food or water, used in operant conditioning experiments

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

Question 25

Successive Approximation

Answer 25

Reward all responses that are ever-closer to the desired behavior and ignore all others

Question 26

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 26

Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus

Question 27

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 27

Increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus

Question 28

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 28

One that is a biological need

Question 29

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 29

One that has bee paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement

Question 30

Positive Punishment

Answer 30

Adding something aversive that decreased the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 31

Negative Punishment

Answer 31

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

Question 32

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 32

Every time the desired behavior occurs, it is reinforced (learned quickly, extinguishes quickly)

Question 33

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 33

Reinforcement occurs intermittently (learning takes longer but results are more persistent and stable)

Question 34

Fixed-ratio Schedules

Answer 34

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 35

Variable-ratio Schedules

Answer 35

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 36

Fixed-interval Schedules

Answer 36

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified time has elapsed

Question 37

Variable-interval Schedules

Answer 37

In operant conditioning, a response schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 38

Punishment

Answer 38

When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 39

Latent Learning

Answer 39

Learning that occurs but is hot apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 40

Cognitive Map

Answer 40

Metal representation of the layout of ones environment

Question 41

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 41

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 42

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 42

A desire to perform a behavior due to a promised reward or threat of punishment

Question 43

Observational Learning

Answer 43

Learning by observing others

Question 44

Modeling

Answer 44

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 45

Mirror Neurons

Answer 45

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

Question 46

Albert Bandura

Answer 46

Pioneering researcher of observational learning

Question 47

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 47

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of antisocial behavior)