Chapter 1 Terms

Question 0

Overconfidence

Answer 0

We tend to be more confident that correct

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
“I knew it all along” phenomenon

Question 2

Critical Thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions- instead examines assumptions, evaluates evidence and assess conclusions

Question 3

Scientific Method

Answer 3

A self correcting process for asking questions and observing answers

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 6

Operational Definition

Answer 6

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Question 7

Replicate

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in my different situation

Question 8

Case Study

Answer 8

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing universal principles

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

A technique for finding the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people (by questioning a sample of them)

Question 10

False Consensus Effect

Answer 10

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All cases in a group from which a sample may be drawn

Question 12

Random Sample

Answer 12

Fairly represents a population (each member has an equal chance of being chosen)

Question 13

Naturalistic Observations

Answer 13

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations (no manipulations)

Question 14

Correlation

Answer 14

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together (how well one predicts the other)

Question 15

Scatterplots

Answer 15

Graphed cluster of dots

Question 16

Illusory Correlation

Answer 16

The perception of a relationship where none exists

Question 17

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 17

Mathematical expression of the relationship

Shows the direction/ strength of the relationship

Question 18

Experiment

Answer 18

A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Question 19

Double-blind Procedure

Answer 19

An experiment procedure in which both the researchers and participants are ignorant about whether a participant received the treatment or placebo

Question 20

Placebo Effect

Answer 20

Experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by an inert substance or condition

Question 21

Experimental Condition

Answer 21

Exposes participants to the treatment

Question 22

Control Condition

Answer 22

Contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Question 23

Random Assignment

Answer 23

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance to minimize pre-existing differences

Question 24

Independent Variable

Answer 24

Factor that is manipulated and whose effect is studied

Question 25

Dependent Variable

Answer 25

The outcome factor; may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable

Question 26

Mode

Answer 26

Most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Question 27

Mean

Answer 27

The arithmetic average of a distribution

Question 28

Median

Answer 28

The middle score in a distribution

Question 29

Range

Answer 29

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Question 30

Standard Deviation

Answer 30

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 31

Statistical Significance

Answer 31

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 32

Culture

Answer 32

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 33

Wording Effects

Answer 33

Difference in words causes a difference in opinions