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AP Pyschology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

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3
Q

Top down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing in our experience and expectations

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4
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Damage to the left frontal lobe resulting in a person being unable to recognize faces

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (ie intensity) and our psychological experience of them

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation (stimulation depends partly on a persons experiences, expectations, motivation etc)

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8
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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9
Q

Priming

A

The activation of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

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10
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than amount)

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Dismissed sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another, stimulus energies into neural impulses

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance form peak of one light or sound wave to the next, vary from short (cosmic rays) to long (radio transmission)

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15
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light (blue, green, etc)

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16
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light/sound wave (brightness or loudness) determined by waves amplitude

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17
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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18
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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19
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the eye that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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20
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near and far objects on the retina

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21
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information

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22
Q

Acuity

A

The sharpness of vision

23
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Nearby objects seen more clearly than distant objects (distant objects focus in front of the retina)

24
Q

Farsightedness

A

Far away objects seen more clearly than near objects (near objects focus behind the retina)

25
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

26
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors concentrated near the center of the retina that function in daylight/ well lit conditions, detect fine detail and color sensations

27
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Light energy activates them

28
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Activated by bipolar cells, axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve

29
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

30
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a “blind” spot where there are no receptors

31
Q

Fovea

A

The central focus point in the retina around which the cones cluster

32
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus such as shape, angle or movement

33
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously- the brains natural mode of info processing for many functions including vision

34
Q

Blindsight

A

Visual cortex damaged, unable to consciously see objects but able to sense movement

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

The retina contains 3 color receptors (blue, red, green) which combine to produce all colors

36
Q

Opponent- process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes (contrasting colors) create color vision

37
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by the object

38
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

39
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a certain point in a given time (for example, per second)

40
Q

Pitch

A

A tones experienced highness or loweness, depends on frequency

41
Q

Middle ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlear oval window

42
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerveimpulses

43
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny, hairlike structures

44
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

45
Q

Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated (higher pitches)

46
Q

Frequency theory

A

The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

47
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

48
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness

49
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

50
Q

Gate control theory

A

Spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain

51
Q

Sensory interaction

A

One sense may influence another (smell of food influences its taste)

52
Q

McGurk Effect

A

Sight and hearing different produces different perception

53
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

54
Q

Synesthesia

A

One sense producing another (smell cookies- see blue)

55
Q

Kinesthesis

A

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

56
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance

AP Pyschology (9 decks)

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