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AP Pyschology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Biological Psychology

A

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

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1
Q

Phrenology

A

Theory that claimed that bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits

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2
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron ending in branching terminal buds, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons, enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses

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6
Q

Action Potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical change that travels down an axon, generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon membrane

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7
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gap when released by sending neuron, travel across synapse and bind at receptor sites on receiving neuron

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10
Q

Acetylcholine ACh

A

A neurotransmitter that enables learning, memory and muscle action

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention and emotion

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12
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

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13
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

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14
Q

Nervous System

A

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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17
Q

Nerves

A

Neural “cables” containing many axons which are part of the Peripheral Nervous System, connect the Central Nervous System with muscles, glands and sensory organs

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18
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming info from sense receptors to the CNS.

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19
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information form CNS to muscles and glands

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20
Q

Interneurons

A

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory imputs and motor outputs

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21
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)

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22
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

The part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (ie the heart)

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23
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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24
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

25
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response

26
Q

Lesions

A

Tissue destruction (brain lesions- natural or experimental destruction of brain tissue)

27
Q

Neural Networks

A

Interconnected neural cells, with experience, networks can learn as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce a certain response

28
Q

Endocrine System

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

29
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine system glands, that are produced in one gland and affect another

30
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A park of endocrine just above the kidneys that secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

31
Q

Pituitary Glands

A

The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

32
Q

EEG

A

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface (electrodes placed on scalp)

33
Q

PET scan

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes home the brain performs a task

34
Q

MRI

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain

35
Q

fMRI

A

A technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

36
Q

Brain stem

A

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord enters the skull, responsible for automatic survival functions

37
Q

Medulla

A

The base of the brain stem, controls heartbeat and breathing

38
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in arousal

39
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem, it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

40
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes memory

41
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates movement (above medulla)

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brain stem, it’s functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

43
Q

Limbic System

A

A doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions, drives (sex, food) includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

44
Q

Amygdala

A

Two Lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the Limbic system and are linked to emotion

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp) helps govern the endocrine system (controls pituitary gland) and linked to emotion

46
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres, the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

47
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons

48
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead, involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement

49
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

At back of the head, includes visual areas

50
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Top of the head toward the rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position

51
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Roughly above the ears, includes auditory information primarily from the opposite ear

52
Q

Motor Cortex

A

At rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

53
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement

54
Q

Association Areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions (learning, remembering, thinking and speaking)

55
Q

Phineus Gage

A

Railroad worker whose frontal lobe was damaged and his personality changed

56
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s (language) or Wernicke’s areas (understanding)

57
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls language expression, an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

58
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe

59
Q

Plasticity

A

The brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage

60
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

61
Q

Split brain

A

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by the cutting of the connecting fibers between them

AP Pyschology (9 decks)

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