Chapter 8

Question 1

What are the advantages of prokaryotes

Answer 1

-Rapid reproduction
- Many progeny
- Haploid and allows all mutations to be expressed
- Asexual which means pure strains are isolated
- Small genomes
- You can isolate and manipulate genes
- Medically important where you can genetically engineer to produce substance of commercial value

Question 2

Can all prokaryotes be cultured?

Answer 2

No, most cannot

Question 3

What is genetic prospecting

Answer 3

The practice of exploring natural sources like plants, animals, and microbes to discover and collect genetic material that could potentially be used to develop commercially valuable products

Question 4

What has E-Coli been developed into that helps humans

Answer 4

Human Insulin

Question 5

What is a heterotroph

Answer 5

An organism that cannot make its own food

Question 6

What is protrophic?
What does it mean?

Answer 6

• can synthesize all amino acids and growth factors from simple carbohydrates

Question 7

What is an auxotrophic?

Answer 7

Lost its ability to produce nutrients

Question 8

What is a minimal medium?

Answer 8

medium that contains only the nutrients required by prototrophic bacteria

Question 9

What is complete medium

Answer 9

Contains all chemicals needed to support growth

Question 10

What is a replica plating used for?

Answer 10

isolate auxotrophs to get their main phenotypes

Question 11

What structure chromosomes does a bacteria have?

Answer 11

a single, circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome

Question 12

What are plasmids

Answer 12

• small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome
• contain genes for drug resistance
• can be passed between bacteria.

Question 13

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 13

ability to cause disease

Question 14

What is another name for gene exchange in bacteria?

Answer 14

pseudosexual

Question 15

What are the three types of gene exchange in bacteria?

Answer 15

• conjugation
• transformation
• transduction

Question 16

What factor does conjugation deal with?

Answer 16

The F factor

Question 17

What is an F Factor?

Answer 17

Plasmid in the F+ strand

Question 18

In conjugation the transfer of DNA can only be from what to what cells?

Answer 18

F+ to F- (most common)

Question 19

F Factor makes a ___ ___ to bind, reels in F- cell, a ___ bridge forms

Answer 19

• sex pilus
• cytoplasmic

Question 20

What is a nick in an F Factor

Answer 20

When one strand is peeled off, replicated, transferred to F- cell

Question 21

F+ to and F- becomes what in a transfer?

Answer 21

F+ and F+

Question 22

What is Hfr?

Answer 22

high frequency of recombination

Question 23

What is key to early bacteria genetics?

Answer 23

Hfr

Question 24

What is the F’ Factor

Answer 24

When the F Factor is excised from the main chromosome in the Hfr strain, a piece of the main chromosome is also excised

Question 25

What is a merozygote?

Answer 25

• a partially diploid bacterial cell
• allows studies of dominate/recessive relationships and gene regulation

Question 26

In transformation cells that are transformed are what?

Answer 26

competent