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Principles of Genetics > Chapter 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex?
Gender?

A
  • male/female
  • person’s biological/anatomical sexual identity
  • person’s socially defined sexual identity
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2
Q

What is an example of a species where the environment determines the sex of their offspring?

A

many reptiles
- turtles

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3
Q

Define genic?

A

alleles at autosomal loci

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4
Q

Which chromosome has female-promoting genes?

A

X

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5
Q

What has male promoting genes?

A

autosomes

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6
Q

Does the Y chromosome determine the sex of an offspring?

A

No

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7
Q

What is the use of the Y chromosome?

A

fertility in males

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8
Q

What determines the sex of an offspring?

A

the ratio of chromosomes to autosomes

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9
Q

What is the ratio of sex chromosomes (female) and autosomes (male)?

A

Female
- 1

Male
- 0.5

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10
Q

If the sex chromosomes to autosome ratio is between 1 and 0.5, what is this called?

A

intersex

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11
Q

What is the significane of the SRY gene?

A

any human with the SRY gene will be male

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12
Q

How does the SRY gene indicate a male offspring?

A
  • some gonad tissue produces male sex hormones
  • gonads develop into testes
  • hormones suppress the female duct and produce other male characteristics
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13
Q

For females are both X chromosomes active?

A

no, only one

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14
Q

Females:
What is it called when only on X chromosome is active?

A

Barr body

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15
Q

What syndrom is diagnosed with X0 chromosomes?
What are the symptoms?

A
  • Turner’s syndrome
  • sterile femal
  • some unnormal traits
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16
Q

What syndrom is diagnosed with XXY (XXXY, XXXXY, XXYY) chromosomes?
What are the symptoms?

A
  • Kleinfelter’s syndrome
  • sterile male
  • likely without full male development
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17
Q

What syndrom is diagnosed with XXX (XXXX, XXXXX) chromosomes?
What are the symptoms?

A
  • Triplo-X syndrome
  • females may be sterile
  • show little physical deviation from normal
  • more X’s, more severe
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18
Q

What syndrom is diagnosed with XYY chromosomes?
What are the symptoms?

A

normal

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19
Q

What is the diagnosis of an intersex individual?

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome

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20
Q

Why could females never have the SRY gene?

A

SRY gene could be harmful to female

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21
Q

Where is the pseudo-autosomal regions located?

A

at the ends of the Y chromosome

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22
Q

What sex linkage?

A

a locus is on one sex chromosomes, not the other

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23
Q

What are the advantages of studying with fruit flies?

A
  • short generations
  • many offspring
  • small
  • only 4 pairs of chromosomes (8 total)
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24
Q

How did Morgan’s experiment with fruit flies support the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A
  • sex was determined by sex chromosomes
    • genes must be on chromosomes
  • eye color locus is on the X chromosome, not the Y chromosome
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25
Q

What is a reciprocal cross?

A

cross the parents, then reverse the sexes
- switch the genes from the mother to the father (vic versa), the cross

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26
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

27
Q

What ratio does Mendel’s traits cause?

A

3:1

28
Q

Why is there complete dominance?

A

the recessive allele’s function is negated

29
Q

Can complete dominance be qualitative, quantitative, or both?

A

only qualitative

30
Q

What are a couple diseases caused by recessive alleles?

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • Cl-transport protein
31
Q

What can increase the speed of enzymes?

A
  • build up of substrate
  • a lower amount of product
32
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

when one allele is not completely dominant over the other

33
Q

What ratio dose incomplete dominance have?
Genotype?
Phenotype?

A

1:2:1

34
Q

What is codominance?

A

when both alleles contribute to the phenotype

35
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

extra fingers or toes

36
Q

What is penetrance?

A

% of individuals having a certain genotype that express an expected phenotype

37
Q

What is expressivity?

A

the degree to which a trait is expressed

38
Q

What are lethal alleles?

A

alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them

39
Q

What is the phenotype ratio of lethal alleles?

A

2:1

40
Q

What is Huntington’s disease in humans?

A

causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die

41
Q

What is a gene interation?

A

a single phenotype is determined by more than one locus

42
Q

What is an interaction with epistasis?

A

one epistatic locus masks or hides the effect of a second hypostatic locus

43
Q

What is epistatic?

A

interaction of genes at different loci

44
Q

What is hypostatic?

A

A gene that is affected by another gene

45
Q

What is recessive epistasis?
What is its ratio?

A
  • homozygous recessive condition at a locus that prevents the expression of phenotypes determined by a second locus
  • 9:3:4
46
Q

What is dominant epistasis?
What is the ratio?

A
  • dominant genotype on one gene inhibits expression of another gene
  • 12:3:1
47
Q

What is duplicative recessive epistasis?
What is its ratio?

A
  • homozygous recessive at either of two loci
  • 9:7
48
Q

What is complementation?

A

two parents with similar recessive phenotypes, whom produce offspring with a wild-type phenotype.

49
Q

What are sex-influenced characteristics?

A
  • traits that are controlled by genes on autosomes
  • are expressed differently in males and females
50
Q

What are sex-limited characteristics?

A

autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex

51
Q

What is cytoplasmic inheritance?

A

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

52
Q

What are some distinct characteristics of the mitochondria and chloroplast?

A
  • small chromosomes
  • few genes
  • materially inherited in most species
53
Q

Multiple copies of chromosomes allow cells and individuals to be what?

A

chimeric (chimera)

54
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

55
Q

What is DNA methylation?
What can it do?

A
  • the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA
  • inhibit or completely turn off a gene
56
Q

define a histone?

A

any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.

57
Q

What is trans-generational epigenetics?

A

When parents transmit epigenetic changes in gene expression to their children.

58
Q

What is anticipation?

A

when highly unstable repeated sequences increase in number very rapidly

59
Q

What is the effect of anticipation?

A

mutations are fast enough to be visible within a single family

60
Q

What are environmental effects?

A

anything other than genetics

61
Q

What are continuous traits?
What are they called?

A
  • require measurements for description
  • quantitative characteristics
62
Q

What is polygenic?

A

A trait that is controlled by many genes

63
Q

What are multifactorial characteristics?

A

Characteristics influenced both by environmental and genetic factors.

64
Q

What is pleiotrophy?

A

When one gene affects other genes it is not related to

Principles of Genetics (11 decks)

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