Chapter 1 &2

Question 1

What is Classical genetics

Answer 1

All genetics before the discovery of DNA

Question 2

What does Medelian genetics deal with?

Answer 2

DNA and chromosomes

Question 3

What is population genetics?

Answer 3

genes inheritated within a population

Question 4

What is molecular genetics?

Answer 4

deals with DNA, RNA, and proteins

Question 5

What are model genetic organisms

Answer 5

species chosen for research

Question 6

What is an example of model genetic species?

Answer 6

fruit flies

Question 7

What is the difference between domesticated and cultivated plants?

Answer 7

domesticated:
- undergo the shattering process (cant shed seeds)
- humans control the population
- can’t survive on their own
Cultivated:
- ability to shed seeds
- survive on their own

Question 8

What are the 7 critical ideas of inheritance?

Answer 8

• pagenesis
• inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarck)
• blending inheritance
• particulate inheritance
• cell theory
• germ-plasma theory
• Medelian inheritance

Question 9

Which of the 7 critical ideas of inheritance of correct?

Answer 9

• particulate inheritance
• cell theory
• germ-plasma theory
• mendelian inheritance

Question 10

What took place in 1859?

Answer 10

Darwin: “On the Origin of Species.” embraced pangenesis

Question 11

What took place in 1900?

Answer 11

rediscovery of Mendel against a background of cytogenetics

Question 12

What took place in 1930?

Answer 12

population genetics
- populations evolve, not individuals

Question 13

What took place in 1953?

Answer 13

Watson and Crick discover of DNA structure

Question 14

What took place in 1973?

Answer 14

first true recombinant DNA technology

Question 15

What took place in 1977?

Answer 15

DNA sequencing: Sanger method

Question 16

What took place in 1983?

Answer 16

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- ability to reduce DNA in a lab

Question 17

What took place in 2000

Answer 17

draft human genomic sequence

Question 18

Are viruses only RNA stranded?

Answer 18

no, DNA and RNA

Question 19

prokaryotes have circular or linear chromosomes?

Answer 19

circular

Question 20

prokaryotes have how many:
- circular chromosomes?
- origin of replication?

Answer 20

1

Question 21

Which cell division process involves the division of somatic cells?

Answer 21

mitosis

Question 22

Which cell division processes involve the division of gametes?

Answer 22

meiosis

Question 23

Which cell division prosess involves the division of the cells

Answer 23

cytokinesis

Question 24

What happens if mitosis or cytokinesis occur without the other?

Answer 24

a cell with contain more than one nuclei

Question 25

What cell division process do prokaryotes undergo?

Answer 25

binary fission

Question 26

Describe an eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 26

- double, antiparellel DNA molecules bound to histone proteins - histone proteins coil the DNA

Question 27

Where are these located on a chromatid? - centromere? - telomere

Answer 27

- the center - at both ends

Question 28

When two chromatids are joined what are they called? At what location are they joined at?

Answer 28

- sister chromatids - the centromere

Question 29

The joined centromeres of sister chromatids becomes a site for what? What is it attached to?

Answer 29

- kinetochore - spindle apparatus

Question 30

How are chromosomes classified? What are the types of classifications?

Answer 30

- centromere position - telocentric (little-no top legs) - acrocentric (small top legs) - submetacentric (medium top legs) - metacentric (long top legs)

Question 31

What stages take place during interphase?

Answer 31

- G1 (gap) - S (synthesis) - G2 (gap)

Question 32

Interphase: What takes place during G1?

Answer 32

- cell growth

Question 33

Interphase: What takes place during S phase?

Answer 33

DNA replication

Question 34

Interphase: What takes place during the G2 phase?

Answer 34

further growth of the cell

Question 35

What are the 3 checkpoints of the Mitosis cycle? What are they checking?

Answer 35

- G1/S - confirm everything is properly functioning - G2/M - confirming the DNA was fully replicated - M - confirm that all chromosomes are attached to the spindles (protruding from the spindle apparatus) and correctly positions in the middle of the cell

Question 36

Interphase: What is the G0 phase? Where does it take place

Answer 36

- may interrupt G1 before proceeding to the G1/S checkpoint if chromosomes didnt grow properly

Question 37

What takes place during prophase?

Answer 37

- condensing of chromosomes - spindles begin to form - microtubles are reconfigured - cytoskeleton is dissolved

Question 38

Microtubles are made of what type of protein?

Answer 38

tubulin

Question 39

What takes place during prometaphase?

Answer 39

- nuclear envelope disintegrates - chromosomes attatch to two microtubles - chromosomes pulled to equater

Question 40

During Mitosis, the cell equator is also called what?

Answer 40

metaphase plate

Question 41

What takes place during metaphase?

Answer 41

- all chromosomes reach metaphase plate - M checkpoint

Question 42

Aligned along the metaphase plate, why do the chromosomes twitch?

Answer 42

both poles of the cell pull the chromosomes in opposite direction - spindles are attached to both side of the sister chromatid's centromere, and pulled in opposite directions, causing tension

Question 43

What takes place during anaphase?

Answer 43

- sister chromatids seperate - both chromatids are pulled by spindles to seperate poles

Question 44

What is separase's function?

Answer 44

cuts the fused centromere of the sister chromatids into two separate centromeres

Question 45

What occurs during telophase?

Answer 45

- chromosomes reach the poles and stop moving - the reverse process of prophase and prometaphase begins - nuclear envelope re-forms - spindle apparatus dissolves - chromosome de-condense

Question 46

What occurs during cytokinesis? - Animalia? - Plantae? - Fungi?

Answer 46

Animalia - cleavage furrow (pinch of cells) Plantae - cellulose based cell wall - cell plate forms (from inside out) Fungi - chitin based cell wall - cell plate forms (from outside in)

Question 47

If biological variation doesn't produce new alleles, what does?

Answer 47

mutations

Question 48

Meiosis: What phases occur during prophase 1?

Answer 48

- leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis

Question 49

Meiosis : Prophase 1 What occurs during leptotene?

Answer 49

chromosomes condense

Question 50

Meiosis : Prophase 1 What occurs during zygotene?

Answer 50

- synapsis pairs homologous chromosomes - crossing over begins

Question 51

What is the structure called when crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes? What are they also called?

Answer 51

- tetrads - bivalents

Question 52

Meiosis : Prophase 1 What occurs during pachytene?

Answer 52

- crossing over continues - synaptonemal complex forms between homologous chromosomes

Question 53

Meiosis : Prophase 1 What occurs during diplotene?

Answer 53

- completion of crossing over - synaptonemal complex is lost - chromatids are looser

Question 54

Meiosis : Prophase 1: diplotene What holds homologous chromosomes together? I is requires in every case?

Answer 54

- chiasmata - no

Question 55

Meiosis : Prophase 1 What occurs during diakinesis?

Answer 55

- chiasmata slips to the ends of chromatids - chromosomes slowly condense - spindle apparatus forms - nuclear envelope disappears

Question 56

What is the result of meiosis?

Answer 56

four haploid nucei

Question 57

What occurs during crossing over? When does it occur?

Answer 57

- always during prophase 1 - DNA breakage and repair joins chromatids from homologous chromosomes

Question 58

What is Independent assortment?

Answer 58

random separation of homologous chromosomes

Question 59

What attaches sister chromatids as they are formed during S phase?

Answer 59

cohesion

Question 60

Mitosis: What breaks all of the cohesion at once at the beginning of anaphase?

Answer 60

separase

Question 61

After the cohesion arm is cut of during anaphase 1, the molecules at the centromere are protected by what type of protein?

Answer 61

shugoshin

Question 62

Plants and Animals: Describe the cell division of sperm

Answer 62

- one diploid cell makes four haploid cells through meiosis - cytokinesis is equal both times, producing four sperm cells

Question 63

Plants and Animals: Describe the cell division of ovum

Answer 63

- one diploid cell undergoes unequal cytokinesis stages - all cytoplasm goes to one product and the remaining 3/4th become small cells and die off

Question 64

Plants and Animals: The cell division of ovum is called?

Answer 64

oogamy

Question 65

Cell division of ovum: The remaining 3/4th of chromatids result in small cells called what?

Answer 65

polar bodies

Question 66

How do the cellular division of ovum and sperm differ between plant and animals?

Answer 66

Animals - oogamy process is homologous Plants - oogamy process is analogous - haploid cells undergo mitosis before fertilization

Question 67

How do fungi fertilization differ from plants and animals?

Answer 67

they don't contain specialized gamete (only +/-)