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Principles of Genetics > Chapter 1 &2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 &2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Classical genetics

A

All genetics before the discovery of DNA

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2
Q

What does Medelian genetics deal with?

A

DNA and chromosomes

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3
Q

What is population genetics?

A

genes inheritated within a population

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4
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

deals with DNA, RNA, and proteins

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5
Q

What are model genetic organisms

A

species chosen for research

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6
Q

What is an example of model genetic species?

A

fruit flies

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7
Q

What is the difference between domesticated and cultivated plants?

A

domesticated:
- undergo the shattering process (cant shed seeds)
- humans control the population
- can’t survive on their own
Cultivated:
- ability to shed seeds
- survive on their own

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8
Q

What are the 7 critical ideas of inheritance?

A
  • pagenesis
  • inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarck)
  • blending inheritance
  • particulate inheritance
  • cell theory
  • germ-plasma theory
  • Medelian inheritance
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9
Q

Which of the 7 critical ideas of inheritance of correct?

A
  • particulate inheritance
  • cell theory
  • germ-plasma theory
  • mendelian inheritance
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10
Q

What took place in 1859?

A

Darwin: “On the Origin of Species.” embraced pangenesis

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11
Q

What took place in 1900?

A

rediscovery of Mendel against a background of cytogenetics

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12
Q

What took place in 1930?

A

population genetics
- populations evolve, not individuals

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13
Q

What took place in 1953?

A

Watson and Crick discover of DNA structure

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14
Q

What took place in 1973?

A

first true recombinant DNA technology

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15
Q

What took place in 1977?

A

DNA sequencing: Sanger method

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16
Q

What took place in 1983?

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- ability to reduce DNA in a lab

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17
Q

What took place in 2000

A

draft human genomic sequence

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18
Q

Are viruses only RNA stranded?

A

no, DNA and RNA

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19
Q

prokaryotes have circular or linear chromosomes?

A

circular

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20
Q

prokaryotes have how many:
- circular chromosomes?
- origin of replication?

A

1

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21
Q

Which cell division process involves the division of somatic cells?

A

mitosis

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22
Q

Which cell division processes involve the division of gametes?

A

meiosis

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23
Q

Which cell division prosess involves the division of the cells

A

cytokinesis

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24
Q

What happens if mitosis or cytokinesis occur without the other?

A

a cell with contain more than one nuclei

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25
Q

What cell division process do prokaryotes undergo?

A

binary fission

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26
Q

Describe an eukaryotic chromosome

A
  • double, antiparellel DNA molecules bound to histone proteins
  • histone proteins coil the DNA
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27
Q

Where are these located on a chromatid?
- centromere?
- telomere

A
  • the center
  • at both ends
28
Q

When two chromatids are joined what are they called?
At what location are they joined at?

A
  • sister chromatids
  • the centromere
29
Q

The joined centromeres of sister chromatids becomes a site for what?
What is it attached to?

A
  • kinetochore
  • spindle apparatus
30
Q

How are chromosomes classified?
What are the types of classifications?

A
  • centromere position
  • telocentric (little-no top legs)
  • acrocentric (small top legs)
  • submetacentric (medium top legs)
  • metacentric (long top legs)
31
Q

What stages take place during interphase?

A
  • G1 (gap)
  • S (synthesis)
  • G2 (gap)
32
Q

Interphase:
What takes place during G1?

A
  • cell growth
33
Q

Interphase:
What takes place during S phase?

A

DNA replication

34
Q

Interphase:
What takes place during the G2 phase?

A

further growth of the cell

35
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints of the Mitosis cycle?
What are they checking?

A
  • G1/S
    • confirm everything is properly functioning
  • G2/M
    • confirming the DNA was fully replicated
  • M
    • confirm that all chromosomes are attached to the spindles (protruding from the spindle apparatus) and correctly positions in the middle of the cell
36
Q

Interphase:
What is the G0 phase?
Where does it take place

A
  • may interrupt G1 before proceeding to the G1/S checkpoint if chromosomes didnt grow properly
37
Q

What takes place during prophase?

A
  • condensing of chromosomes
  • spindles begin to form
  • microtubles are reconfigured
  • cytoskeleton is dissolved
38
Q

Microtubles are made of what type of protein?

A

tubulin

39
Q

What takes place during prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • chromosomes attatch to two microtubles
  • chromosomes pulled to equater
40
Q

During Mitosis, the cell equator is also called what?

A

metaphase plate

41
Q

What takes place during metaphase?

A
  • all chromosomes reach metaphase plate
  • M checkpoint
42
Q

Aligned along the metaphase plate, why do the chromosomes twitch?

A

both poles of the cell pull the chromosomes in opposite direction
- spindles are attached to both side of the sister chromatid’s centromere, and pulled in opposite directions, causing tension

43
Q

What takes place during anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids seperate
  • both chromatids are pulled by spindles to seperate poles
44
Q

What is separase’s function?

A

cuts the fused centromere of the sister chromatids into two separate centromeres

45
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A
  • chromosomes reach the poles and stop moving
  • the reverse process of prophase and prometaphase begins
  • nuclear envelope re-forms
  • spindle apparatus dissolves
  • chromosome de-condense
46
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?
- Animalia?
- Plantae?
- Fungi?

A

Animalia
- cleavage furrow (pinch of cells)

Plantae
- cellulose based cell wall
- cell plate forms (from inside out)

Fungi
- chitin based cell wall
- cell plate forms (from outside in)

47
Q

If biological variation doesn’t produce new alleles, what does?

A

mutations

48
Q

Meiosis:
What phases occur during prophase 1?

A
  • leptotene
  • zygotene
  • pachytene
  • diplotene
  • diakinesis
49
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1
What occurs during leptotene?

A

chromosomes condense

50
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1
What occurs during zygotene?

A
  • synapsis pairs homologous chromosomes
  • crossing over begins
51
Q

What is the structure called when crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes?
What are they also called?

A
  • tetrads
  • bivalents
52
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1
What occurs during pachytene?

A
  • crossing over continues
  • synaptonemal complex forms between homologous chromosomes
53
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1
What occurs during diplotene?

A
  • completion of crossing over
  • synaptonemal complex is lost
  • chromatids are looser
54
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1: diplotene
What holds homologous chromosomes together?
I is requires in every case?

A
  • chiasmata
  • no
55
Q

Meiosis : Prophase 1
What occurs during diakinesis?

A
  • chiasmata slips to the ends of chromatids
  • chromosomes slowly condense
  • spindle apparatus forms
  • nuclear envelope disappears
56
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

four haploid nucei

57
Q

What occurs during crossing over?
When does it occur?

A
  • always during prophase 1
  • DNA breakage and repair joins chromatids from homologous chromosomes
58
Q

What is Independent assortment?

A

random separation of homologous chromosomes

59
Q

What attaches sister chromatids as they are formed during S phase?

A

cohesion

60
Q

Mitosis:
What breaks all of the cohesion at once at the beginning of anaphase?

A

separase

61
Q

After the cohesion arm is cut of during anaphase 1, the molecules at the centromere are protected by what type of protein?

A

shugoshin

62
Q

Plants and Animals:
Describe the cell division of sperm

A
  • one diploid cell makes four haploid cells through meiosis
  • cytokinesis is equal both times, producing four sperm cells
63
Q

Plants and Animals:
Describe the cell division of ovum

A
  • one diploid cell undergoes unequal cytokinesis stages
  • all cytoplasm goes to one product and the remaining 3/4th become small cells and die off
64
Q

Plants and Animals:
The cell division of ovum is called?

A

oogamy

65
Q

Cell division of ovum:
The remaining 3/4th of chromatids result in small cells called what?

A

polar bodies

66
Q

How do the cellular division of ovum and sperm differ between plant and animals?

A

Animals
- oogamy process is homologous

Plants
- oogamy process is analogous
- haploid cells undergo mitosis before fertilization

67
Q

How do fungi fertilization differ from plants and animals?

A

they don’t contain specialized gamete (only +/-)

Principles of Genetics (11 decks)

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