CHAPTER 8 Flashcards
the use of multiple
approaches and techniques to address a problem.
Converging Operations
is the fundamental unit of symbolic
knowledge, or knowledge of correspondence
between symbols and their meaning.
Concept
is a hierarchy of concepts; a category is a
concept with members.
Category
are groupings that occur
naturally in the world, like birds or trees
Natural categories
takes a different approach:
grouping things together not by their defining
features but rather by their similarity to an average
model of the category.
Prototype theory
are groupings that are designed
or invented by humans to serve particular purposes
or functions, like automobiles and kitchen
appliances.
Artifact categories
defining features something must have to be
considered an example of a category
Core
Tested the notion that we come
to understand the importance of defining features only as we grow older
Keil & Batterman
based view of meaning - holds that people understand & categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories or general ideas they have regarding those concepts
Theory/Explanation
Isolate features of a good
sport.
Feature-based
find characteristic features
of a good sport.
Prototype View
find some good examples
you have known in your life.
Exemplar View
use of experience to
construct an explanation for what makes
someone a good sport.
Theory-Based View
holds that certain categories have an
underlying reality that cannot be observed directly.
Essentialism
Beliefs about the characteristics of
groups are often associated with the devaluation of these groups & increased prejudice
Essentialist
suggest that knowledge is represented in our minds in the form of concepts that are connected with each other in a web-like form.
Semantic-network Models
is a web of elements of meaning
(nodes) in which the elements are connected with each other through links.
Semantic network
Defines each mammal by unique features (e.g., rabbit: fur, ears, hopping)
Feature-based theory
are elements that are typically
concepts.
Nodes
Organizes knowledge by comparing features of concepts directly
Semantic Features Theory
connection between the nodes
Relationships
Compares all mammals
across shared features
Semantic features theory
showed that semantic learning can still occur without a fully functioning hippocampus
H.M. Case Study
It is a mental framework for organizing
knowledge.
have several characteristics
that ensure wide flexibility
Schemas
● Facts
● Abstraction
● Relationships
● Memories
● Schemas
FARMS
people may extend the boundaries of that scene in their minds & remember details they had not actually seen
Boundary Extension
Contains information about the particular order in which things occur
less flexible than schemas
SCRIPTS
tables, menu, food, check, money
Props
customer, waiter, cook, cashier
Roles
customer is hungry
Opening Conditions
entering, ordering, eating, exiting
Scenes
customer has less money, owner
has more money, customer is no longer
hungry
Results
● Props
● Roles
● Opening conditions
● Scenes
● Results
PORRS
also may come into play in regard to the
ways in which experts converse with one another
Scripts
Specialized vocabulary commonly used
within a group, such as a profession or trade.
Jargon
if both typical & atypical actions are provided, the atypical info will be recalled more
readily
Typicality Effect
Acquired by practicing the implementation
of a procedure
Procedural knowledge representation
is handled through a linear sequence of
operations, one operation at a time.
Information
instructions regarding procedures for implementing a task
Structure of rules
instructions for implementing a subtask within a larger task governed by a routine
Subroutines
● Perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills
(procedural knowledge)
● Associative knowledge (classical and
operant conditioning
● Priming (Activation of related mental
pathways)
● Simple non associative knowledge
(habituation and sensitization)
PAPS
flaws in the instruction for the conditions or
for executing the actions.
Bugs
Habituation, reduced response to repeated
stimuli and sensitization, increased
response to repeated stimuli
Simple Non Associative Knowledge
Implicit knowledge that is difficult to verbalize; includes various types of mental representations beyond just procedural
knowledge
Nondeclarative Knowledge
Learning through associations like classical or
operant conditioning
Simple Associative Knowledge
The activation of related information
pathways that makes it easier to retrieve similar information later
Priming
is a model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production system representation for procedural knowledge
The ACT-R (where the R stands for rational)
Spreading activation within the network from one node to another. But the amount of information (number of nodes)
Declarative Knowledge within ACT
inspired information-processing theories assume that humans, like computers, process information serially.
Computer
Acquisition of procedural knowledge through a framework that represents such knowledge in production systems, progressing through three stages: Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous
Procedural Knowledge within ACT-R
involves the two complementary processes of generalization and discrimination. We learn to generalize existing rules to apply them to new conditions.
Production Tuning
the broader field of cognitive psychology strives for domain general understandings of cognitive processes
1960s through the mid 1970s-
the balance shifted to domain specificity
due to demonstrations of the role of specific
knowledge in chess playing
Late 1970s
argued for extreme domain specificity, proposing that the mind is modular, divided into discrete modules operating independently
“The Modularity of Mind” by Fodor (1983)
