CHAPTER 5

Question 1

is the means by which we retain and draw information from our past experiences to use in the present.

Answer 1

MEMORY

Question 2

refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience.

Answer 2

MEMORY PROCESS

Question 3

keeping encoded information in memory

Answer 3

STORAGE

Question 3

transforming sensory data into a form of mental representation

Answer 3

ENCODING

Question 4

pulling out or using information stored in the memory.

Answer 4

RETRIEVAL

Question 5

you produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory

Answer 5

RECALL

Question 6

producing an answer

Answer 6

EXPRESSIVE KNOWLEDGE

Question 7

you select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.

Answer 7

RECOGNITION

Question 8

recalling items in the exact order in which they were presenteD

Answer 8

SERIAL RECALL

Question 9

responding to stimuli presented to and deciding whether you have seen them before or not

Answer 9

RECEPTIVE KNOWLEDGE

Question 10

recall items in any order you choose

Answer 10

FREE RECALL

Question 11

shown items in pairs, but during recall you are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall each mate

Answer 11

CUED RECALL / PAIRED-ASSOCIATES RECALL

Question 12

the number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned in the past, also been referred to as “savings”

Answer 12

RELEARNING

Question 13

is usually much better than recall
We are better at recognizing things than at producing what exactly we saw or heard
Informing participants of the type of test they will take can influence the amount of learning that occurs/ information processing.

Answer 13

RECOGNITION MEMORY

Question 14

engaging in conscious recollection

Answer 14

EXPLICIT MEMORY

Question 15

using information from memory but are not consciously aware that we are doing so
Can be studied using word-completion tasks that are based on Priming Effect
May work even without awareness

Answer 15

IMPLICIT MEMORY

Question 16

can also be tested using Implicit Memory Tasks

Answer 16

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Question 17

TWO CONTRASTING MODELS OF MEMORY

Answer 17

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multistore Model
Originally proposed by William James

Question 18

holds temporary information currently in use

Answer 18

PRIMARY MEMORY

Question 19

holds information permanently or for a very long time

Answer 19

SECONDARY MEMORY

Question 20

capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods

Answer 20

SENSORY STORE/ ICONIC STORE

Question 21

structures holding information (hypothetical construct)

Answer 21

STORES

Question 21

capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity (7 items, plus or minus 2)

Answer 21

SHORT-TERM STORE

Question 22

capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely

Answer 22

LONG-TERM STORE

Question 23

very long-term storage of information (language and math)

Answer 23

PERMASTORE

Question 24

information stored in the stores

Answer 24

MEMORY

Question 25

By Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
Suggests that memory does not comprise 3 or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding

Answer 25

The Levels-of-Processing Model/Framework (LOP)

Question 26

Is the key storage (how it was encoded)
Experiments found that the deeper the level of processing encouraged by the question, the higher the level of recall achieved

Answer 26

PROCESSING

Question 27

High levels of recall is achieved when we meaningfully relate words to ourselves (does it describe me?)

Answer 27

SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT

Question 28

Elaborates encoding of the particular item in terms of its characteristics, including the various levels of processing.

Answer 28

WITHIN-ITEM ELABORATION

Question 29

Elaborates encoding by relating each item’s feature to the features of items already in the memory

Answer 29

BETWEEN-ITEM ELABORATION

Question 30

Holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
In contrast with short-term memory, working memory consists several components

Answer 30

THE WORKING MEMORY MODEL

Question 31

THE COMPONENTS OF WORKING MEMORY

Answer 31

An integrative framework suggested by Alan Baddeley
Combines the working-memory model with the LOP framework

Question 32

briefly holds some visual images, as when you picture the way your best friend looks or when you work on a puzzle

Answer 32

Visuospatial Sketchpad -

Question 33

briefly stores mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal

Answer 33

Phonological Loop

Question 33

performs other cognitive or perceptual

Answer 33

Subsidiary Slave Systems

Question 33

allocates attention within working memory, decides how to divide attention between 2 or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks

Answer 33

Central Executive

Question 34

explains how we integrate information in working memory, long-term memory, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop. Allows us to solve problems and reevaluate previous experiences with more recent knowledge.

Answer 34

Episodic Buffer

Question 35

Endel Tulving proposed a distinction between two kinds of explicit memory

Answer 35

Multiple Memory Systems

Question 36

stores general world knowledge. It is our memory for facts that are not unique to us.

Answer 36

Semantic memory

Question 37

stores personally experienced events or episodes.

Answer 37

Episodic memory

Question 38

Argues that our brain handles many operations and processes at once that a parallel-processing model of working memory (where multiple operations are processed at the same time) may make more sense

Answer 38

Connectionist Perspective

Question 39

is someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.
Converting material needed to be remember into visual images, unintentionally

Answer 39

MNEMONISTS

Question 40

a rare psychological phenomenon, wherein a person experiences sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated (eg. a word with a taste or weight)
Transforming numbers into dates, and what a person had done on that day
Segmenting numbers into groups of three or four digits each

Answer 40

Synesthesia

Question 41

severe loss of explicit memory (declarative memory such as memory of facts - semantic, and events - episodic memory)

Answer 41

Amnesia

Question 41

a process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem to have been forgotten, usually achieved by trying many and diverse retrieval cues to unearth a memory (eg. psychodynamic therapy)

Answer 41

Hypermnesia

Question 42

individuals lose their purposeful memory for events before whatever trauma induces memory loss

Answer 42

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 43

the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event

Answer 43

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 44

the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young.

Answer 44

Infantile Amnesia

Question 45

knowing how

Answer 45

Procedural-knowledge

Question 46

knowing that

Answer 46

Declarative-knowledge

Question 47

a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (worsen over time)

Answer 47

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 48

loss of intellectual function (thinking, memory, reasoning, behavior) that is severe enough to impair one’s everyday life
Causes cognitive decline preventing the individual from carrying out simple day-to-day tasks
May show signs of mood and personality changes, inability to learn new things, and difficulty recognizing friends and family

Answer 48

Dementia

Question 49

A special kind of Alzheimer’s disease is familial, known as______. It has been linked to a genetic mutation. People with the genetic mutation always develop the disease

Answer 49

early-onset Alzheimer’s disease