CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
MEMORY: MODELS AND RESEARCH METHODS
is the means by which we retain and draw information from our past experiences to use in the present.
MEMORY
refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience.
MEMORY PROCESS
keeping encoded information in memory
STORAGE
transforming sensory data into a form of mental representation
ENCODING
pulling out or using information stored in the memory.
RETRIEVAL
you produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory
RECALL
producing an answer
EXPRESSIVE KNOWLEDGE
you select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.
RECOGNITION
recalling items in the exact order in which they were presenteD
SERIAL RECALL
responding to stimuli presented to and deciding whether you have seen them before or not
RECEPTIVE KNOWLEDGE
recall items in any order you choose
FREE RECALL
shown items in pairs, but during recall you are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall each mate
CUED RECALL / PAIRED-ASSOCIATES RECALL
the number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned in the past, also been referred to as “savings”
RELEARNING
is usually much better than recall
We are better at recognizing things than at producing what exactly we saw or heard
Informing participants of the type of test they will take can influence the amount of learning that occurs/ information processing.
RECOGNITION MEMORY
engaging in conscious recollection
EXPLICIT MEMORY
using information from memory but are not consciously aware that we are doing so
Can be studied using word-completion tasks that are based on Priming Effect
May work even without awareness
IMPLICIT MEMORY
can also be tested using Implicit Memory Tasks
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
TWO CONTRASTING MODELS OF MEMORY
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multistore Model
Originally proposed by William James
holds temporary information currently in use
PRIMARY MEMORY
holds information permanently or for a very long time
SECONDARY MEMORY
capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods
SENSORY STORE/ ICONIC STORE
structures holding information (hypothetical construct)
STORES
capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity (7 items, plus or minus 2)
SHORT-TERM STORE
capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
LONG-TERM STORE
very long-term storage of information (language and math)
PERMASTORE
information stored in the stores
MEMORY
By Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
Suggests that memory does not comprise 3 or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding
The Levels-of-Processing Model/Framework (LOP)
Is the key storage (how it was encoded)
Experiments found that the deeper the level of processing encouraged by the question, the higher the level of recall achieved
PROCESSING
High levels of recall is achieved when we meaningfully relate words to ourselves (does it describe me?)
SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT
Elaborates encoding of the particular item in terms of its characteristics, including the various levels of processing.
WITHIN-ITEM ELABORATION
Elaborates encoding by relating each item’s feature to the features of items already in the memory
BETWEEN-ITEM ELABORATION
Holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
In contrast with short-term memory, working memory consists several components
THE WORKING MEMORY MODEL
THE COMPONENTS OF WORKING MEMORY
An integrative framework suggested by Alan Baddeley
Combines the working-memory model with the LOP framework
briefly holds some visual images, as when you picture the way your best friend looks or when you work on a puzzle
Visuospatial Sketchpad -
briefly stores mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal
Phonological Loop
performs other cognitive or perceptual
Subsidiary Slave Systems
allocates attention within working memory, decides how to divide attention between 2 or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks
Central Executive
explains how we integrate information in working memory, long-term memory, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop. Allows us to solve problems and reevaluate previous experiences with more recent knowledge.
Episodic Buffer
Endel Tulving proposed a distinction between two kinds of explicit memory
Multiple Memory Systems
stores general world knowledge. It is our memory for facts that are not unique to us.
Semantic memory
stores personally experienced events or episodes.
Episodic memory
Argues that our brain handles many operations and processes at once that a parallel-processing model of working memory (where multiple operations are processed at the same time) may make more sense
Connectionist Perspective
is someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.
Converting material needed to be remember into visual images, unintentionally
MNEMONISTS
a rare psychological phenomenon, wherein a person experiences sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated (eg. a word with a taste or weight)
Transforming numbers into dates, and what a person had done on that day
Segmenting numbers into groups of three or four digits each
Synesthesia
severe loss of explicit memory (declarative memory such as memory of facts - semantic, and events - episodic memory)
Amnesia
a process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem to have been forgotten, usually achieved by trying many and diverse retrieval cues to unearth a memory (eg. psychodynamic therapy)
Hypermnesia
individuals lose their purposeful memory for events before whatever trauma induces memory loss
Retrograde Amnesia
the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event
Anterograde Amnesia
the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young.
Infantile Amnesia
knowing how
Procedural-knowledge
knowing that
Declarative-knowledge
a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (worsen over time)
Alzheimer’s Disease
loss of intellectual function (thinking, memory, reasoning, behavior) that is severe enough to impair one’s everyday life
Causes cognitive decline preventing the individual from carrying out simple day-to-day tasks
May show signs of mood and personality changes, inability to learn new things, and difficulty recognizing friends and family
Dementia
A special kind of Alzheimer’s disease is familial, known as______. It has been linked to a genetic mutation. People with the genetic mutation always develop the disease
early-onset Alzheimer’s disease
