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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 4: > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4: Flashcards

ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

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1
Q

is the means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all of the information captured by our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes.

A

SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY (SDT)

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2
Q

Includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness, some of which may be under the focus of attention.

A

CONSCIOUSNESS

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3
Q

A framework to explain how people pick out the important stimuli embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli.
SDT often is use to measure sensitivity to a target’s presence.

A

SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY (SDT)

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4
Q

Present
Absent

A

SIGNAL

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5
Q

Hit
False alarm

A

DETECT A SIGNAL

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6
Q

Person’s ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular stimulus of interest.

A

VIGILANCE

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7
Q

Refers to a scan of the environment for particular features- actively looking for something when you are not sure where it will appear

is made more difficult distracters, nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus.

A

SEARCH

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8
Q

We look for just one feature that makes our search object different from all others, therefore, the number of distracters does really play a role in slowing us down.

A

FEATURE SEARCH

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9
Q

We have to combine two or more features to find the stimulus we’re looking for.

A

CONJUNCTION SEARCH

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10
Q

Explains why it is relatively easy to conduct feature searches and relatively difficult to conduct conjunction searches.

A

FEATURE-INTEGRATION THEORY

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11
Q

analyze features

A

Stage 1- feature search

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12
Q

combine features into object

A

Stage 2 - conjunction search

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13
Q

the more similar target and distracters are, the more difficult it is to find the target.

A

Similarity Theory,

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13
Q

All the incoming information is being perceived and stored in sensory memory for a split second and then forwards it to a filter that allows only one message to move forward to be processed in more detail, based on loudness, pitch, or accent.

A

EARLY FILTER MODEL

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14
Q

Listening to two different messages, presenting separate message to each ear, known as dichotic presentation.
Distinctive sensory characteristics of the target’s speech (e.g., high versus low pitch, pacing, and rhythmicity.)
Sound intensity (loudness)
Location of the sound source

A

SHADOWING

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15
Q

Filter blocks out most information at the sensory level, but some personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through the filtering mechanism.

A

SELECTIVE FILTER MODEL

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16
Q

At least some information about unattended signals is being analyzed. Instead of blocking out stimuli, the filter merely weakens the strength of all stimuli other than target stimulus.

A

ATTENUATION MODEL

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17
Q

who synthesized the early and late-filter model and proposed that two processes govern attention

A

Ulric Neisser

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17
Q

Suggested that stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning.

A

LATE-FILTER MODEL

18
Q

attentional resources can be divided freely

A

One single pool

19
Q

Processes that occur later, they are executed serially and consume time and attentional resources, such as working memory. Information is processed in much more detail here.

A

ATTENTIVE, CONTROLLED PROCESSES

19
Q

Automatic processes are rapid and occur in parallel, they can be used to noticed only physical sensory characteristics of the unattended message, but they do not discern meaning or relationships.

A

PREATTENTIVE PROCESS

20
Q

are available, one for each modality

A

Multiple sources of attention

21
Q

Trait-based of state-based

A

ANXIETY

22
Q

Task novelty /familiarity/ easiness/ difficulty

A

TASK DIFFICULTY

23
Q

Tired, drowsy, drugged, excitement

A

AROUSAL

24
Q

Higher practice/ skill enhances attention

A

SKILLS

25
Q

Being prepared to attend to some incoming event, and maintaining this attention, also includes the process of getting to this state of preparedness

A

ALERTING

26
Q

The selection of stimuli to attend to, needed when we perform a visual search

A

ORIENTING

26
Q

Includes processes for monitoring and resolving conflicts that arise among internal processes. These processes include thoughts, feelings, and responses.

A

EXECUTIVE ATTENTION

27
Q

Difficulties in focusing their attention.

A

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

28
Q

3 Primary symptoms:

A

Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsiveness

28
Q

3 Types are:

A

Hyperactive-impulsive type (AHD)
Inattentive type (ADD)
Combination (ADHD)

29
Q

An inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed.

A

CHANGE BLINDNESS

30
Q

Inability to see things that are actually there

A

INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS

31
Q

Attentional dysfunction in which field that is contralateral to the brain hemisphere of the brain that has a lesion.

A

SPATIAL NEGLECT OR HEMINEGLECT

32
Q

Such as writing your name involve no conscious control, nevertheless, you may be aware that you are performing them. They

A

AUTOMATIC PROCESSES

33
Q

Multiple automatic processes may occur at once, or at least quickly, and in no particular sequence.

A

PARALLEL PROCESSES

34
Q

Accessible to conscious control and even require it, occur sequentially/serially, one step at a time.

A

CONTROLLED PROCESSES

35
Q

Tasks that start off as controlled processes eventually become automatic ones as a result of practice

A

AUTOMATIZATION/ PROCEDURALIZATION

36
Q

Automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli.

A

INSTANT THEORY

37
Q

When automatization in reading works against us.

A

STROOP EFFECT

37
Q

Participants are presented with 1 stimulus (the prime), followed by a break that can range from millisecond to weeks or months. Then, the participants are presented with a 2nd stimulus and make a judgment to see whether the presentation of the 1st stimulus affected the perception of the 2nd.

A

PRIMING

38
Q

When you try to remember something that is stored in memory but cannot readily be retrieved.

A

TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE

39
Q

Traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas, “seeing” despite his unawareness of seeing.

A

BLINDSIGHT

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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