CHAPTER 10 Flashcards
While this more commonly means “creek” or “stream,” it can also refer to a smaller river in some languages or regions.
Sapa
- characteristic patterns across all languages of various cultures (such as phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax)
- Colors, Verbs and Grammatical Genders, Concepts
Linguistic Universals
“Basta”
Linguistic Relativity
enhances executive functions, such as task-switching and ignoring distractions, and may delay the onset of dementia by up to four years.
Bilingualism
a second language is acquired in addition to a relatively well-developed first language
Additive Bilingualism
elements of a second language replace elements of the first language.
Subtractive Bilingualism
occurs when an individual first learns one langunge and then another
Sequential Bilingualism
suggests that two languages are represeni just one system or brain region.
The Single-system Hypothesis
suggests that two languages are represente somehow in separate systems of the mind
Dual-system Hypothesis
when people of two different language groups are in prolonged contact with one another, the language users of the two groups begin to share some vocabulary that is superimposed onto each group’s language use
Pidgin
over time, this admixture can develop into a distinct linguistic form and have its own grammar
Creole
modern creoles may resemble an evolutionarily early form of language
Protolanguage
whi arise when two linguistically distinctive groups meet.
Creoles and pidgins
what occurs when a single linguistic group gradually diverges toward somewhat distinctive variations.
dialect
is a regional variety of a language distinguished by features as vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.
Dialect
unlike in psychoanalytic view, errors result from intrusions by other thoughts or by stimuli in the environment
Slips of the Tongue
uses a language element before it is appropriate in the sentence (“an inspiring expression” turned an “expiring expression”)
Anticipation
uses a language element that was appropriate earlier in the sentence (“We sat down to a bounteous beast” instead of a “bounteous feast.”)
Perseveration
speaker switches the positions of two language elements (“flutterby” to become “butterfly.”)
Reversal /Transposition
initial sounds of two words are reversed and make two entirely different words (“You have hissed all my mystery lectures,” [missed all-my history lectures]
Spoonerisms
one word is replaced by another that is similar in sound different in meaning (“naughty pine” instead of “knotty pine”)
Malapropism
“mischievi-ous” instead of “mischievous”
Insertions of Sounds
juxtapose two nouns in a way that positively asserts their similarities, while not disconfirming their dissimilarities
Metaphors
introduce the words like or as into a comparison between items.
Similes
the study of how people use language, which includes sociolinguistics and other aspects of the social context of language.
Pragmatics
which we seek to communicate in ways that make it easy for our listener to understand what we mean
Cooperative Principle
Make your contribution to a conversation as informative as required, but no more than is needed.
QUALITY
Make your contribution to a
conversation truthful. Irony, sarcasm, and jokes are acceptable because the listener is expected to infer the speaker’s true state of mind from what is said.
QUANTITY
Make your contributions to a conversation relevant to the aim of the conversation.
RELATION
Avoid obscure expressions, vague utterances, and purposeful obfuscation of your point.
MANNER
storage and retrieval of meaning
The Brain and Semantic Processing
an impairment of language functioning caused by damage to the brain
Aphasia
production of agrammatical speech
Broca’s Aphasia
impairment in understanding of spoken words and sentences.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
highly impaired comprehension and production of speech
Global Aphasia
naming objects and retrieving words
Anomic Aphasia
characterized by abnormalities in social behavior; language, and cognition
Autism Spectrum Disorder
repetition of speech heard
Echolalia
