CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
MEMORY PROCESSES
keeping encoded information in memory
Storage
transforming sensory data into a form of mental representation
Encoding
pulling out or using information stored in the memory
Retrieval
Before information can be stored in memory, it first needs to be encoded for _____
storage (encoding)
encoding information for temporary storage and use
According to experiments, people seem to encode visually presented letters by how they sound, not by how they look.
Short-Term Storage
recalling correct letters with substituted letters that sounded like the correct letters (ex: F for S, B for V, P for B, and so on)
Acoustic Confusability
how it sounds like
Acoustic Code
how it looks like
Visual Code
based on word meaning
Semantic Code
Acoustic code is more important than a visual code
Conrad Experiment
Short-term memory relies primarily on an acoustic rather than a semantic code
Baddeley Experiments
Most information stored in long-term memory primarily is encoded semantically
Long-Term Storage
also influences encoding in long-term memory as we move more information into long-term memory when using a semantic encoding strategy than when using a phonological and physical strategy.
Levels of processing (LOP)
in addition to semantic and visual informatian can be encoded in long-term memory.
Acoustic information
competing information interferes with our storing information
Interference
forgetting facts just because time passes
Decay
How we move information depends on whether the information involves declarative
facts and knowledge
nondeclarative memory
(procedural)
process of integrating new information into our existing schemas of stored information
Consolidation
-involve reflecting on our own memory
Metamemory Strategies
repeated recitation of an item
Rehearsal
aloud and obvious to anyone watching
Overt
silent and hidden
Covert
result of rehearsal
Practice Effects
individual elaborates on the items to be remembered, making the items more meaningful
Elaborative Rehearsal
individual just repeats the items to be remembered
Maintenance Rehearsal
to maximize the effect on long-term recall, the pacing should ideally be distributed over months, rather than days or weeks
The Spacing Effect
learning sessions are spaced over time
Distributed Practice
learning sessions are crammed together in a very short space of time
Massed Practice
of particular importance to memory is the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep a person receives.
Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Stored memories are organized
Organization of Information
refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations, items stored in short-term memory would be retrieved all at once
Parallel Processing
refers to operations being done one after another, items are retrieved in succession, rather than all at once
Serial Processing
specific techniques to help organize and memorize information by adding meaning to meaningless or arbitrary lists of item
- Mnemonic Devices
all items retrieved, regardless of the task
Exhaustive Serial Processing
retrieval stop as soon as an item seems to accomplish the task.
Self-terminating Serial Processing
the presence of information stored in long-term memory.
Availability
the degree to which we can gain access to the available information.
Accessibility
Interference Theory refers to forgetting that occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.
PROCESS OF FORGETTING AND MEMORY DISTORTION
occurs when r acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.
Retroactive Interference (or retroactive inhibition)
occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.
Proactive Interference
mental frameworks that represent knowledge in meaningful ways.
Schemas
represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list.
The Serial-position Curve
refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list.
The recency effect
refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list.
The primacy effect
asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement, of the memory trace.
Decay Theory
is reconstructive, involving the use of various to retrieve the original memory traces of our experiences and then rebuild the original experiences as a basis for retrieval
Memory retrieval
refers to memory of an individual’s history. One remembers one’s construction or reconstruction of what happened rather than exactly what happened.
Autobiographical Memory
a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
Flashbulb Memory
people think they saw/heard things they did not see/hear
Misattribution
memory fades quickly
Transience
mindedness
Absent
can’t remember something we know
Blocking
remember things as consequential that, in a broad context are inconsequential
Persistence
