Chapter 8

Question 1

Association

Answer 1

One piece of information is linked repeatedly with another

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic, inborn response

> multiple pairings of UCS and NS are necessary for an association to be learned, the NS becomes the CS

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

Environment input that triggers, the unconditioned response

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 4

Automatic inborn reaction to stimulus

Question 5

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 5

Stimulus that does not trigger a response

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

Previously neutral stimulus that after an organism learns to associate with the UCS then triggers a conditioned response

Question 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

Behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS alone

Question 8

Stimulus generalization

Answer 8

Extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

The weakening and disappearance of a controlled response in the absence of reinforcement

Question 10

Biological constraint model

Answer 10

the idea that certain behaviors or learning patterns are more readily acquired by organisms due to their evolutionary history and biological predispositions

Question 11

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 11

The consequences of behavior increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 12

Skinner and operant conditioning

Answer 12

Process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

Question 13

Operant conditioning nature or nurture ?

Answer 13

Nurture

Question 14

Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 14

Primary: not learned, innate and satisfy biological needs like food, water and sex

Secondary: learned by association to a primary reinforcer, money, grades, approval

Question 15

Positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 15

Positive: the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur

Negative: the removal of stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior

Question 16

Positive and Negative punishment

Answer 16

Positive: the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior

Negative: the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 17

Shaping

Answer 17

The reinforcement of a successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 18

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 18

Fixed Ratio: a pattern of interment reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses

Variable ratio: a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes

Fixed interval: a pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a period of time has passed

Variable interval: a pattern of intermittent reinforcement which responses are reinforced after time periods of different durations have passed

Question 19

Taste aversion

Answer 19

The learned avoidance of a particular food or taste

Question 20

Latent learning

Answer 20

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs

Question 21

Social learning theory

Answer 21

The kind of learning that occurs when we model behavior of others

Question 22

Observational learning

Answer 22

Learning influenced by watching the behavior of others

Question 23

Modeling

Answer 23

The imitation of behaviors performed by others. A kind of observational learning