Chapter 8 Flashcards
Motivation is concerned with the ___ of behavior
Why
In motivation, you receive an i___________ or incentive to do something.
Inducement.
Motives are _____________ states that _________ behavior.
Hypothetical. Activate.
Motives take the form of _____, _______, and ____________.
Needs. Drives. Incentives.
________ are states of deprivation.
Needs.
TRUE OR FALSE: Some physiological needs are states of physical deprivation.
TRUE
Motives are hypothetical because…
They cannot be observed/measured directly.
TRUE OR FALSE: Psychological needs are also based on states of deprivation.
FALSE
Because we are influenced by __________, we express needs in different ways.
Culture
______ give rise to drives.
Needs
Our experience of hunger and thirst drives are also p__________.
Psychological.
Psychological ________ can also give rise to ________.
Needs, drives.
An incentive is an _______, ________, etc that can satisfy a need/is desirable.
Person, object.
The evolutionary perspective: animals are ___________ to respond to certain situations.
Prewired.
The evolutionary perspective highlights i_________ in motivation.
Instinct.
TRUE OR FALSE: Instinct is inborn.
TRUE
William James and William McDougall numbered __ basic instincts, including h______, sex, and s___-________. James included love, s_______, and mo_______.
Hunger, self-assertion. Sympathy, and modesty.
If instinctive behavior exists in humans, it’s unlikely to be f____.
Fixed.
Freud believed that t_______ motivates behavior which restore us to a resting state.
Tension.
Drive-reduction theory was put forth by ______ _____.
Clark Hull.
According to Clark Hull, primary drives trigger arousal or t________ and activate b__________.
Tension, behavior.
Acquired drives come from e____________.
Experience.
TRUE OR FALSE: Reduction of tension is always the goal in drives, according to drive-reduction theory.
TRUE
Acquired drives can ________ primary drives, especially during infancy.
Further
Primary drives are triggered by ____________.
Deprivation.
TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is the need to maintain steady states.
TRUE
Homeostasis can be compared to a t_________t.
Thermostat
TRUE OR FALSE: Fun requires an incentive.
FALSE
Stimulus motives refers to the desire to _________ stimulation.
Increase.
TRUE OR FALSE: Volunteers could not avoid sensory information for 1 day for $200, and those who did couldn’t focus well afterwards.
TRUE
Whether deprived or not, organisms may still seek out _____ stimulation.
Novel.
Stimulus motive is e_____________.
Evolutionary.
Humanism puts forward the idea that people are motivated by a c________ desire for p________ ________.
Conscious, personal growth.
Humanists state that people _________ tension for personal reasons.
Tolerate.
Maslow believe we’re separate from animals because of s___-__________.
Self-actualization.
Maslow considered self-actualization as important as h______.
Hunger.
What’s the bottom rung of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
a. Love and belonging
b. Safety needs
c. Physiological needs
d. Psychological needs
C.
What is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy?
Self-actualization.
What’s below self-actualization on Maslow’s hierarchy?
Esteem needs
What’s above physiological needs on Maslow’s hierarchy?
Safety needs
What’s in the middle row of Maslow’s hierarchy?
Love and belonging
TRUE OR FALSE: Maslow believed we are trained to follow the hierarchy of needs.
FALSE
Critics of Maslow’s hierarchy cite i_________ ________.
Individual variety.
According to cognitive theorists, people attempt to _________ ____________ with their beliefs.
Eliminate inconsistencies.
Children create c____________ with their gender and what’s taught about their gender’s behaviors.
Consistency.
According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are motivated to hold c_________ beliefs, to j________ their behavior.
Consistent, justify.
Satiety refers to the state of being s_________.
Satisfied.
Satiety for food is more fast-acting in the m_______ rather than the d________ ______.
Mouth, digestive tract.
Sensations of c_______ and s__________ create satiety.
Chewing, swallowing.
In the unethical study where they placed tubes in animal’s throats, the animals resumed eating ________ than the control group.
Sooner.
Hunger pains are c__________.
Contractions.
Organisms with removed stomachs still __________ food intake.
Regulate.
These regulate hunger: the h____________, b_____ _____ _____, and l____ r_______s.
Hypothalamus, blood sugar levels, liver receptors.
Being deprived of food leads b_____ ______ ______ to drop.
Blood sugar levels.
When blood sugar levels drop, the h___________ triggers hunger.
Hypothalamus.
The v______________ n_________ functions as a “s___ eating” center.
Ventromedial nucleus, stop.
The l________ h___________ functions as a “s____ eating” center.
Lateral hypothalamus, start.
The VMS is a _______ area on the ________ of the hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is an area on the s___ of the hypothalamus.
Central, underside. Side.
Hyperphagia is characterized by too ____ eating.
Much.
Aphagia is characterized by too _______ eatinig.
Little.
TRUE OR FALSE: Aphagia and hyperphagia are limitless.
FALSE (READJUSTMENT)
Watching TV has what effect on our diets?
Encourages us to eat, and ignore our satiety signals.
More than _ out of _ American adults are overweight.
2, 3.
__% of people without a high school diploma are obese, compared to __% of people with a college degree.
36%, 22%.
TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity is a risk factor in some cancers and arthritis.
TRUE
Obesity refers to a BMI greater or equal to __.
40.
Being o_________ is hereditary.
Overweight.
A_______ t_____________ causes the body to produce less energy/burn further calories during a diet.
Adaptive thermogenesis.
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle metabolizes faster than fat.
TRUE
The average man is __% muscle and __% fat.
40, 15.
The average woman is __% muscle and __% fat.
23, 25.
Children are exposed to an average of __,___ food commercials a year.
10,000.
Depression and anxiety can lead to b_____ ________.
Binge eating.
More than ___ of teen girls and ___ of boys use unhealthy ways to control weight.
1/2, 1/3.
___ of 10 year old girls fear being fat.
4/5
___ of 9-11 year old girls are dieting.
1/2
Over __% of college women have dieted.
90.
Eating disorders are qualified by p_________ disturbances.
Persistent.
Anorexia nervosa mainly affects women during a_____________ and young adulthood.
Adolescence.
TRUE OR FALSE: Richer women are at greater risk for anorexia nervosa because they have more resources to accomplish it.
TRUE
A healthy BMI ranges from __._ to __._, but the average BMI of runway models is 17.
18.5 to 24.9.
___ of American women have a BMI over __.
25.
People with anorexia can drop __% of their weight in a year.
25%.
Anorexia can lead to c__________ and r__________ problems.
Cardiovascular, respiratory.
The female athlete triad involves 1. l__ ______ (eating poorly), 2. m_______ _________, 3. loss of b___ d________.
Low energy, menstrual problems, loss of bone density.
The mortality rate for women with anorexia is _%.
5%.
Bulimia nervosa involves repeated b______ ______ and p________.
Binge eating, purging.
TRUE OR FALSE: Bulimia affects the same age range as anorexia.
TRUE
Binge eating often follows d_______.
Dieting.
Purging, aside from vomiting, can include strict d_______, l________, and intense e________.
Dieting, laxatives, exercise.
Bulimia and anorexia trigger h________ imbalances and are linked with menstrual imbalances.
Hormonal imbalances.
Bulimia and anorexia are connected with deep d_________.
Depression.
Eating disorder is linked to parent-child “_________.”
Warfare.
Eating disorders are also linked to parental ___________.
Struggles.
Eating disorders are linked to parent’s ________.
Insults.
Child abuse is variably linked to _______ ______________.
Eating disorders.
Models are, on average, _% taller and __% thinner.
9, 16.
Eating disorders are affected by our s_____________ climate.
Sociocultural.
The 13 reasons for sex include:
PHYSICIAL:
1. Pl_______.
2. Ph________ D__________.
3. E_________ See______.
4. S______ Re_________.
- Pleasure
- Physical desirability.
- Experience seeking.
- Stress redduction.
The 13 reasons for sex include:
GOAL:
1. Re_______.
2. Soc___ S_______.
3. Rev_____.
4. Ut________.
- Resources
- Social Status
- Revenge
- Utilitarian
The 13 reasons for sex include:
EMOTIONAL:
1. L___ and c__________.
2. E____________.
- Love and commitment.
- Expression.
The 13 reasons for sex include:
INSECURITY:
1. S___-E______ B_______
2. D___/P_______
3. M___ G________
- Self-Esteem Boosting
- Duty/Pressure
- Mate Guarding
Cindy Meston and David Buss investigated the reasons for ___.
Sex.
TRUE OR FALSE: Both men and women motivated by short- and long-term relationships were motivated by p_______.
Pleasure.
(Men/Women) are more motivated by the physical desirability of their partners, on average.
Men
Sex for resources, revenge, social status, or utilitarian reasons was ____ in the study.
Rare.
TRUE OR FALSE: We experience genetic whisperings that push people to either “spread seed” or find a mate to raise a child with.
TRUE
Sexual behavior can be influenced by c_______ factors, r_____________ beliefs, __________ attitudes, the m____, the behavior of _________, d___s, and s__ ________.
Cultural factors, religious beliefs, parental attitudes, the media, the behavior of friends, drugs, and sex education.
In both men and women, ____________ is linked to sex drive.
Testosterone.
Usually, men produce _ - _ more testosterone than women.
7-10.
In women, androgens are produced in the _______ _______ and the _________.
Adrenal glands, ovaries.
___ ________ promote development of sex organs + regulate the menstrual cycle.
Sex hormones
Sex hormones have an _____________ and o__________ effect on behavior.
Activating and organizing.
The activating effects (of sex hormones) relate to a________ and the likelihood of sexual behavior.
Arousal.`
Estrus applies to c___, ____, and some r_______.
cats, dog, rodents.
On average, men are more interested in c______ _____ and m__________ ___________.
Casual sex, multiple partners.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson investigated male-female differences in sexual ___________.
Stimulation.
Masters and Johnson found that male-female biological responses to sexual stimulation are actually quite __________.
Similar.
The sexual response cycle consists of _ stages.
4
The sexual response cycle is characterized by two responses: what are they? V and M.
Vasocongestion, myotonia.
Vasocongestion is the __________ of genital tissues with blood, as blood vessels dilate: the nipples and testes. Erection, swelling of labia.
Swelling.
Myotonia is m______ t________, causing g_________, spasms in the h____, f____, and o________.
Muscle tension, grimaces, hands, feet, orgasm.
Erection, vaginal lubrication, and orgasm are all r______.
Reflexes.
The excitement phase is stage _ of the SRC.
1.
The excitement phase is brought on by v___________.
Vasocongestion.
The excitement phase causes e_________ (including of the nipples), _______ing of the scrotal skin, and __________ testes size, vaginal l__________, swelling of the c_______, and fl_______ and sp______ of the labia, e________ the inner vagina.
Erection, thickening, increased, lubrication, clitoris, flattening and spreading, expanding.
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual arousal remains stable during the plateau phase.
TRUE
During the plateau phase, genitals will slightly _________.
Expand.
In the plateau phase, heart rate can rise to ___-___ beats per minute, as ________ __________ also rises.
100-160. Blood pressure.
The third phase of SRC is the o_________ phase.
Orgasmic.
During the orgasmic phase, sensations of pleasure are related to the __________ of the c__________ and amount of _________ _______.
Strength of contractions, seminal fluid.
During the orgasmic phase in the average male, the first 3-4 contractions occur at . second intervals, or _ contractions every _ seconds.
0.8. 5, 4.
During the orgasmic phase in the average female, the - contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vaginal _______ also occur in 0._ second intervals.
8
Blood pressure + heart rate peak in the __________ phase, the latter up to ___ per minute.
Orgasmic, 180.
During the orgasmic phase, respiration can increase to __ breaths per minute.
40.
The fourth phase of SRC is ____________.
Resolution.
Resolution is the return to ________ states.
Normal.
TRUE OR FALSE: Both men and women undergo a refractory period in resolution.
FALSE
Men cannot e___________ or experience ___________ during the refractory period.
Ejaculate, orgasm.
The Kinsey studies provide insight into __________ behavior and preferences.
Sexual.
According to the Kinsey report, most men __________ and have ___ prior to marriage.
Masturbate, sex.
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinsey used a random sample.
FALSE
Herbenick’s study represented people from __-__
14-94.
Men, regardless of ___ _____, report masturbating more than woman.
Age group.
TRUE OR FALSE: Fewer students are having unmarried sex than they did in the 90s.
TRUE
Teenage pregnancy is _________ now.
Declining.
Around _% of Americans describe themself as being not straight.
7
__ of people say they’ve had oral with somebody of the same sex.
14
Male-stereotyped play in females, homosexuality, and gender identity changes can be linked to higher exposure to ____ ____ __________ prenatally.
Male sex hormones.
TRUE OR FALSE: There is evidence for genetic predisposition in sexuality.
TRUE
T____________ is essential to prenatal development of male sex organs.
Testosterone.
Without testosterone, everybody would have ________ ___ _______.
Female sex organs.
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual orientation is connected with differences in levels of sex hormones in adulthood.
FALSE
In adulthood, the effects of testosterone are limited to __________ effects.
Activating.
Gender and sexual identity may develop during the i____________ period.
Intrauterine period.
Sexual differentation of the sex organs occurs in the first _ months of pregnancy.
2
TRUE OR FALSE: Differentation of the sex organs happens after the sexual differentation of brain structures
FALSE
Sexual differentation of brain structures occurs during the ___ half of pregnancy.
2nd
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual differentation of the sex organs and of the brain occur dependently.
FALSE
TAT stands for _________ ______________ ____.
Thematic Apperception Test.
TAT was invented by David McC________.
David McClelland.
In TAT, subjects are made to ___________ picture-card stories.
Construct.
TAT found that __% of graduates with high achievement motivation (who saw the TAT positively) were successful in studying and later in life.
83%
70% of graduates in nonentrepreneurial positions had low _______________ m__________.
Achievement motivation.
Performance goals can be related to ____________ rewards.
Extrinsic.
Learning goals can be related to __________ rewards.
Intrinsic.
Children who prioritize learning goals often have parents with high __________ m__________.
Achievement motivation.
You can help a child create learning goals by en____________, sharing n_____ ideas, and praising p____________.
Encouragement, novel, persistance.
TRUE OR FALSE: Children raised with a growth mindset associate achievements with self-worth.
TRUE
Emotions are i________ with motivation, because behaviors can be motivated by emotion and emotions can motivate goals.
Intertwined.
Emotions are states with c_________, p____________, and b__________ aspects.
Cognitive, physiological, behavioral.
Emotions are associated with a_________ of the __________ nervous system.
Arousal, autonomic.
Emotion is intensified by a_________ of the nervous system.
Arousal.
Fear is related to the ______________ branch of the nervous system.
Sympathetic.
Anger is related to the (sympathetic/parasympathetic/ both) branch*es of the nervous system.
Both!
Depression is related to the ______________ brancah of the nervous system.
Parasympathetic.
TRUE OR FALSE: Smiling is a universal sign of friendliness.
TRUE
Universal signs of emotion include s________, b_______ one’s ________.
Smiling, baring one’s teeth.
TRUE OR FALSE: There’s no perfect 1:1 emotion-to-facial-expression relationship.
TRUE
People in developed nations are generally __________ with their lives.
Satisfied.
Positive psychology deals with h___, l___, j__, and s______ pl________.
Hope, love, joy, sensual pleasures.
_________ factors play a large role in happiness.
Genetic
TRUE OR FALSE: Positive events and negative events affect our happiness only in the moment.
Likely TRUE
People are happier when they have enough ______.
Money
Money reduces _____.
Worry
When we compare ourselves to others, we often make ourselves m_________.
Miserable.
Happiness is associated with o_________.
Optimism.
Optimism is a c_________ b___.
Cognitive bias.
People with optimism tend to perform ________.
Better.
Optimism contributes to s___-______.
Self-esteem.
Facial expressions reflect e_____________ states, and allow us to c___________.
Emotional, communicate.
Emotional states can cause e__________ activity patterns in the facial muscles and brain.
Electrical.
TRUE OR FALSE: The facial-feedback hypothesis states that emotional activity affects facial expressions, not the other way around.
FALSE
When people are made to frown, they rate cartoons as more ag_r____ve.
Aggressive.
A_______ links facial feedback and emotion.
Arousal.
Arousal _______s emotional responses.
Boosts.
The “commonsense theory of emotions” states that a s________ is i___________ by a person, creating a combination of a______ and t________.
Situation, interpreted, arousal, thoughts.
TRUE OR FALSE: Only contemporary theories go against commonsense theory, not both contemporary and historic theories.
FALSE
James-Lange Theory states that an ex_________ s_________ causes arousal and a______, which is then app_____, and then emotion is experienced.
External stimulus, action, which is then appraised.
In James-Lange Theory, emotions come from the appraisal of our b___ responses.
Body.
TRUE OR FALSE: James-Lange Theory is inconsistent with facial feedback.
FALSE
James-Lange Theory allows us to change e_______ through b_______ changes.
Emotions, behavior.
James-Lange downplays the c________ aspect, including c_______ appraisal and choice in b________ and em______.
Cognitive, cognitive appraisal, behavior, emotion.
Cannon-Bard starts with an ex________ s_______, which are first processed by the ______, and then bodily ar_____, a______, and e_________ are triggered at the same time.
External stimulus, brain, arousal, action, and emotion.
Arousal and action can refer to stimulation of a________ and m_________ activity
Autonomic, muscular.
In Cannon-Bard, emotions a___________ bodily responses.
Accompany.
In James-Lange, emotions are p_________ by bodily responses.
Produced.
The main criticism of Cannon-Bard is how s______________ it really is.
Simultaneous.
The best theory should allow for ongoing interactions of ext_______ e_____, ph_________ changes, and c________ activities.
External events, physiological, cognitive.
Cognitive Appraisal Theory starts with both the external stimuli and the p____________ a________, which is i___________ according to the s_________, leading to emotional experience.
Physiological arousal, interpreted according to the situation.
In Cognitive Appraisal Theory, when others ar epresent, we engage in s_______ c__________ to come to a response.
Social comparison.
People in an ambiguous situation are more likely to rely on s______ c___________.
Social comparison.
TRUE OR FALSE: Cognitive Appraisal Theory suggests that some emotions are different sides of the same coin.
TRUE
Where Cognitive Appraisal Theory views emotion as ambiguous, J____-_____ connects each emotion with specific body responses.
James-Lange.
TRUE OR FALSE: Scientists have found cells in the brain that respond to specific, single emotions.
FALSE
Different emotions have different s_________ in the b____.
Structures, brain.
D_______ has the most pinpointed location, in the primary t_____ cortex.
Disgust, taste.
TRUE OR FALSE: Arousal directly causes specific emotions.
FALSE
You can trick polygraphs by b_______ your ________ and pressing down your _____.
Biting your tongue, pressing down your toes.
Polygraphs are based on s___________ arousal, including h____ ____, b______ p______, r_________ ____, and ________/ele___d______ resp______.
Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, sweat/electrodermal response.
These can interfere with polygraph tests: M_____ _______, d____, and p________ ex________.
Muscle tension, drugs, previous experiences.
What chapter of the book has a section on stopping sexual harassment?
Chapter 8.
> Physiological< drives largely operate according to:
a. drive-reduction theory
b. stimulus motives
c. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a.
Maslow believed we progress toward higher p____________ needs once basic survival needs have been met.
Psychological
