Chapter 8 Flashcards
Motivation is concerned with the ___ of behavior
Why
In motivation, you receive an i___________ or incentive to do something.
Inducement.
Motives are _____________ states that _________ behavior.
Hypothetical. Activate.
Motives take the form of _____, _______, and ____________.
Needs. Drives. Incentives.
________ are states of deprivation.
Needs.
TRUE OR FALSE: Some physiological needs are states of physical deprivation.
TRUE
Motives are hypothetical because…
They cannot be observed/measured directly.
TRUE OR FALSE: Psychological needs are also based on states of deprivation.
FALSE
Because we are influenced by __________, we express needs in different ways.
Culture
______ give rise to drives.
Needs
Our experience of hunger and thirst drives are also p__________.
Psychological.
Psychological ________ can also give rise to ________.
Needs, drives.
An incentive is an _______, ________, etc that can satisfy a need/is desirable.
Person, object.
The evolutionary perspective: animals are ___________ to respond to certain situations.
Prewired.
The evolutionary perspective highlights i_________ in motivation.
Instinct.
TRUE OR FALSE: Instinct is inborn.
TRUE
William James and William McDougall numbered __ basic instincts, including h______, sex, and s___-________. James included love, s_______, and mo_______.
Hunger, self-assertion. Sympathy, and modesty.
If instinctive behavior exists in humans, it’s unlikely to be f____.
Fixed.
Freud believed that t_______ motivates behavior which restore us to a resting state.
Tension.
Drive-reduction theory was put forth by ______ _____.
Clark Hull.
According to Clark Hull, primary drives trigger arousal or t________ and activate b__________.
Tension, behavior.
Acquired drives come from e____________.
Experience.
TRUE OR FALSE: Reduction of tension is always the goal in drives, according to drive-reduction theory.
TRUE
Acquired drives can ________ primary drives, especially during infancy.
Further
Primary drives are triggered by ____________.
Deprivation.
TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is the need to maintain steady states.
TRUE
Homeostasis can be compared to a t_________t.
Thermostat
TRUE OR FALSE: Fun requires an incentive.
FALSE
Stimulus motives refers to the desire to _________ stimulation.
Increase.
TRUE OR FALSE: Volunteers could not avoid sensory information for 1 day for $200, and those who did couldn’t focus well afterwards.
TRUE
Whether deprived or not, organisms may still seek out _____ stimulation.
Novel.
Stimulus motive is e_____________.
Evolutionary.
Humanism puts forward the idea that people are motivated by a c________ desire for p________ ________.
Conscious, personal growth.
Humanists state that people _________ tension for personal reasons.
Tolerate.
Maslow believe we’re separate from animals because of s___-__________.
Self-actualization.
Maslow considered self-actualization as important as h______.
Hunger.
What’s the bottom rung of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
a. Love and belonging
b. Safety needs
c. Physiological needs
d. Psychological needs
C.
What is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy?
Self-actualization.
What’s below self-actualization on Maslow’s hierarchy?
Esteem needs
What’s above physiological needs on Maslow’s hierarchy?
Safety needs
What’s in the middle row of Maslow’s hierarchy?
Love and belonging
TRUE OR FALSE: Maslow believed we are trained to follow the hierarchy of needs.
FALSE
Critics of Maslow’s hierarchy cite i_________ ________.
Individual variety.
According to cognitive theorists, people attempt to _________ ____________ with their beliefs.
Eliminate inconsistencies.
Children create c____________ with their gender and what’s taught about their gender’s behaviors.
Consistency.
According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are motivated to hold c_________ beliefs, to j________ their behavior.
Consistent, justify.
Satiety refers to the state of being s_________.
Satisfied.
Satiety for food is more fast-acting in the m_______ rather than the d________ ______.
Mouth, digestive tract.
Sensations of c_______ and s__________ create satiety.
Chewing, swallowing.
In the unethical study where they placed tubes in animal’s throats, the animals resumed eating ________ than the control group.
Sooner.
Hunger pains are c__________.
Contractions.
Organisms with removed stomachs still __________ food intake.
Regulate.
These regulate hunger: the h____________, b_____ _____ _____, and l____ r_______s.
Hypothalamus, blood sugar levels, liver receptors.
Being deprived of food leads b_____ ______ ______ to drop.
Blood sugar levels.
When blood sugar levels drop, the h___________ triggers hunger.
Hypothalamus.
The v______________ n_________ functions as a “s___ eating” center.
Ventromedial nucleus, stop.
The l________ h___________ functions as a “s____ eating” center.
Lateral hypothalamus, start.
The VMS is a _______ area on the ________ of the hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is an area on the s___ of the hypothalamus.
Central, underside. Side.
Hyperphagia is characterized by too ____ eating.
Much.
Aphagia is characterized by too _______ eatinig.
Little.
TRUE OR FALSE: Aphagia and hyperphagia are limitless.
FALSE (READJUSTMENT)
Watching TV has what effect on our diets?
Encourages us to eat, and ignore our satiety signals.
More than _ out of _ American adults are overweight.
2, 3.
__% of people without a high school diploma are obese, compared to __% of people with a college degree.
36%, 22%.
TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity is a risk factor in some cancers and arthritis.
TRUE
Obesity refers to a BMI greater or equal to __.
40.
Being o_________ is hereditary.
Overweight.
A_______ t_____________ causes the body to produce less energy/burn further calories during a diet.
Adaptive thermogenesis.
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle metabolizes faster than fat.
TRUE
The average man is __% muscle and __% fat.
40, 15.
The average woman is __% muscle and __% fat.
23, 25.
Children are exposed to an average of __,___ food commercials a year.
10,000.
Depression and anxiety can lead to b_____ ________.
Binge eating.
More than ___ of teen girls and ___ of boys use unhealthy ways to control weight.
1/2, 1/3.
___ of 10 year old girls fear being fat.
4/5
___ of 9-11 year old girls are dieting.
1/2
Over __% of college women have dieted.
90.
Eating disorders are qualified by p_________ disturbances.
Persistent.
Anorexia nervosa mainly affects women during a_____________ and young adulthood.
Adolescence.
TRUE OR FALSE: Richer women are at greater risk for anorexia nervosa because they have more resources to accomplish it.
TRUE
A healthy BMI ranges from __._ to __._, but the average BMI of runway models is 17.
18.5 to 24.9.
___ of American women have a BMI over __.
25.
People with anorexia can drop __% of their weight in a year.
25%.
Anorexia can lead to c__________ and r__________ problems.
Cardiovascular, respiratory.
The female athlete triad involves 1. l__ ______ (eating poorly), 2. m_______ _________, 3. loss of b___ d________.
Low energy, menstrual problems, loss of bone density.
The mortality rate for women with anorexia is _%.
5%.
Bulimia nervosa involves repeated b______ ______ and p________.
Binge eating, purging.
TRUE OR FALSE: Bulimia affects the same age range as anorexia.
TRUE
Binge eating often follows d_______.
Dieting.
Purging, aside from vomiting, can include strict d_______, l________, and intense e________.
Dieting, laxatives, exercise.
