Chapter 14 Flashcards
Is it our nature or our situations that motivate how we act?
Situations
Social psychology studies the n_______ & c_______ of behavior and mental processes in social situations.
Nature, causes.
Briefly define what an attitude is in social psychology.
Tendencies to evaluate certain people, places, or things with favor or disfavor.
Is one’s attitude directly behavioral, cognitive, or genetic?
Behavioral AND cognitive.
Between feeling and thinking, which is more basic and which follows?
Thinking is basic, feeling follows
TRUE OR FALSE: There is an indirect genetic basis for someone’s attitudes.
TRUE
Politicians score (lower/higher) in conscientiousness than in neuroticism.
Higher
Prejudice is linked to low a____________ and (?)
Agreeableness, openness to experience.
Attitudes can be linked to early c__________ and o_________ learning
Conditioning, observational.
TRUE OR FALSE: We always vote with our conscience: the link between beliefs and attitudes is strong.
False
Attitude formation is/isnt mechanical.
Isnt fully
We call initial attitudes what?
Cognitive anchors.
We judge new ideas in what way?
How much they deviate from our pre-existing beliefs.
We are more likely to exhibit behaviors aligning with the attitudes that are s__________, s_______, and a___________, as well as when we have what?
Specific, strong, and accessible, as well as when we have a vested interest.
Elaboration likelihood reflects how we respond to p__________.
Persuasion
The central route to persuasion uses . . .
Thoughtful consideration of the issue.
The peripheral route to persuasion uses . . .
Associations with positive or negative context.
The central factor in persuasion is the
Nature of the message.
TRUE OR FALSE: Forewarning about the opposition’s argument creates psychological immunity.
TRUE
The fear appeal generally (outcompetes/falls behind) the benefits and rational analysis of an issue.
Outcompetes
Selective avoidance & selective exposure are linked to what concept?
Consistency with ones beliefs
TRUE OR FALSE: Being in a good mood helps you think more critically.
FALSE
In cognitive dissonance theory, humans are:
Motivated to reduce discrepency between the world and their beliefs.
Effort justification could be evidenced through:
People who have been rewarded less for a cognitively dissonant activity rating the activity higher in enjoyment.
(Prejudice/discrimination) is an attitude leading one to evaluate one group negatively.
Prejudice.
(Prejudice/discrimination) is hostile behavior towards groups one has a bias against.
Discrimination.
Prejudice is higher in people with low what and what?
Agreeableness and openness (to new experiences)
“Parents reinforce their children for mimicking their behaviors, allowing prejudice to continue” What is this called?
Social learning
Social conflict between dissimilar people also involves what other factor?
Economic
People assume that they don’t share other values with other races and groups: this is a symptom of what?
Dissimilarity bias
Prejudices can act as cognitive ________ in the social world, potentially creating bias.
filters
When we categorize our social world into “us” and “them,” what is this a symptom of? (Hint: You could figure this out without the source material)
Social categorization.
To stop prejudice, is it better to target behavior or attitudes? (Hint: Think cognitive-dissonance theory)
Behavior
What is the flip side of prejudice, according to the textbook?
Attraction
TRUE OR FALSE: Modt tinder users are seeking relationships not casual sex.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Overall, opposites attract.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: The parental investment model is unchanging. (Women preferring partners who offer stability and men preferring partners with sexual attraction)
FALSE
Interpersonal attraction is linked to what three factors? (P-A, S, R)
Physical attraction, similarity, reciprocity.
What does the attraction-similarity model hold?
That people are physically attracted to those similar to them.
What is propinquity?
The attraction towards people who live in similar places and thus have similar attitudes as us.
[Intimacy/Passion/Commitment] is close acquiantance and familiarity; when innermost feelings are shared.
Intimacy
[Intimacy/Passion/Commitment] refers to strong romantic/sexual feelings.
Passion
What is the term for the decision to maintain a relationship?
Commitment
Passion + Intimacy = ?
Romantic love
What is romantic love combined with commitment?
Consummate love
__________ involves closeness and caring.
Intimacy
We have a ? cognitive bias towards our partners.
Positive
Social perception study is about how we form ________________.
Impressions
Define the primacy effect.
Evaluations based on first impressions.
You have a nice conversation with a stranger you just argued with an hour ago. From then on, you see them in a better way. What effect is applicable?
The recency effect.
How can one avoid the primacy effect in favor of recency?
By evaluating the evidence and avoiding quick ideas.
What is the difference between liking someone and being infatuated with someone?
Intimacy vs. passion
What is the difference between an attitude and an attribution?
Attitudes are assumptions of our own; attributions are attitudes we assign to others.
Define dispositional attribution?
An attribution assigned according to internal factors.
Individualist people lean towards dispositional attribution, but…
This becomes fundamental attribution error when evidence of situational attributions are readily ignored.
What is the actor-observer effect?
Attributing other people’s behaviors to disposition attribution and our own behaviors to situational aspects.
What is the self-serving bias? Hint: success and failure.
Attributing our successes to dispositional factors and our failures to situational factors.
What is social influence?
That of thoughts/feelings/behavior of others.
These factors can lead people to obey authority figures even in the darkest ways:
1. S_____________ (to obey)
2. Lack of ________ c_____________
3. Perception of legitimate what?
4. The what technique?
5. Inaccessibility of v_____
6. Buffers between one and the ______
- Socialization
- Social comparison
- Legitimate authority
- The foot-in-the-door technique
- Values
- Victim
TRUE OR FALSE: 3/4 will typically go with the crowd.
TRUE
Aggression can/cannot be instinctive or automatic
Can be
Name the part of the brain that plays a role in aggression, but dont name the amygdala.
Hypothalamus
TRUE OR FALSE: Testosterone varies with the moment.
TRUE
Freud believed that aggression was 1. “unnatural expressions of the dissatisfied id” or 2. “a natural expression and reaction to daily life’s frustrations.”
2.
TRUE OR FALSE: Your outlook (values about) on aggression is linked to how aggressive you are.
TRUE
Aggressive individuals tend to _________ other people’s actions.
Distort
Social cognitive theorists believe what?
That aggression is unlikely to occur unless it has been reinforced and determined to be appropriate.
TRUE OR FALSE: Social cognitive theorists don’t believe that choice plays a big role in aggression, instead believing that its mainly a result of learning.
FALSE
What is social facilitation?
When one’s performance increases as a result of being in a group.
Social facilitation is linked to what?
Arousal and motivation (thus explaining our higher performance)
Are simple or complex tasks better suited for social facilitation?
Simple (a rehearsed speech vs one on the spot)
TRUE OR FALSE: Evaluation apprehension can disrupt social facilitation.
TRUE
Without evaluation apprehensive, social facilitation can become what other concept?
Diffusion of responsibility
TRUE OR FALSE: A lazy groupmember can discourage diffusion of responsibility.
FALSE
Social decision schemes are used for what?
To govern most of decisionmaking: final choice compared to initial positions
What happens in the majority-wins scheme?
The decision initially held by the majority wins.
What are majority-win schemes best for?
When there is no one correct choice.
What happens in the truth-wins scheme?
When information clearly points in one direction, that’s what’s chosen.
What scheme do juries typically use?
The 2/3rds majority scheme.
In the first-shaft rule, a jury might…
Follow the first shift in opinion.
Define the polarization effect.
The tendency of groups to go “all-or-nothing” with a decision.
Name 3 causes of polarization.
A group member may reveal new info. Social facilitation may be at play. The diffusion of responsibility may make people take more risks.
Groupthink is affected by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader in what way?
Can often encourage it.
What can cause a normal group to start groupthinking?
An external threat (causing more cohesiveness)
What traits of groupthink can be especially bad?
1. Feelings of _____________
2. The group’s belief in its c__________
3. D___________ contrary information
4. Pressure to c________
5. S___________ others
- Feelings of invulnerability
- The group’s belief in its correctness
- Discrediting contrary information
- Pressure to conform
- Stereotyping others
What is one way to prevent the use of groupthink?
Encourage skepticism and asking of questions.
What is deindividuation?
The discontinuation of self-evaluation in favor of adopting group attitudes/norms.
Deindividuation can be caused by what factors?
1. A____________
2. Responsibility ___________
3. A________ noise and crowding
4. Focusing on what?
- Anonymity
- Responsibility diffusion
- Arousing noise and crowding
- Focusing on group norms
The bystander effect has been deadly. Show that you understand it.
The bystander effect is the tendency to not help others in emergencies because we think other people will do something.
What pushes bystanders to help others? Hint: 8
- When in a good mood
- When they have empathy
- If it’s an emergency (and theyre not prone to the bystander effect
- When they assume the responsibility of helping (i.e. being alone)
- When they know what to do
- When it’s someone they know
- When it’s someone who is similar to themselves
- When it’s a woman
