Chapter 12 Flashcards
Psychological disorders are ______________ and __________ _____________ connected with distress and impaired function.
Behaviors, mental processes
TRUE OR FALSE: Psychological disorders can be predicted in response to certain events
FALSE
Anxiety disorders have:
a. psychological symptoms
b. physical symptoms
c. all of the above
c.
Anxiety causes _________________ activity of the ANS
Sympathetic
Anxiety is abnormal when it is excessive, prevents us from doing what we want to do and/or
Comes out of nowhere
Anxiety disorders include ‘specific _________ disorders,’ ‘________ anxiety,’ ‘_____ disorder,’ and ‘g___________ anxiety disorder.
Phobia, social, panic, generalized.
Agoraphobia affects -% of people.
3-4
Social anxiety is a fear of the __________ of others, or ______________ oneself.
Scrutiny, humiliating/embarrassing
TRUE OR FALSE: Panic disorder isn’t usually brought on by a specific object or sitiation.
TRUE
During a panic, people often report the sensation of a heart attack, and this can be traced to elevated levels of:
Cortisol, a stress hormone. (Its elevated in the saliva contents)
TRUE OR FALSE: People who have panic attacks feel fine afterwards.
FALSE
Can you be diagnosed with panic disorder from one panic attack?
No.
The main symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is:
Persistent anxiety not stemming from a phobic object or situation.
The core of GAD is based upon:
a. A childhood trauma
b. Multiple stressors
c. Biological activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
b.
Briefly describe the psychological view of anxiety. What is it based on? Hint: Think back to a certain previous chapter.
The psychological view of anxiety posits that it stems from a conditioned fear in early childhood. By avoiding feared stimuli, our reduction in anxiety reinforces it.
What does the psychological view of anxiety also believe?
a. We are predisposed to be anxious
b. Coddling children will make them anxious
c. The level of trust we’re given as children influences our level of anxiety
d. We can learn to be anxious as children through observational learning.
d.
Like stress, catastrophic or body-attentive ________ can worsen anxiety.
beliefs
TRUE OR FALSE: Supposedly, biological factors are implicated in most psychological disorders
TRUE
What is the evolutionary idea of anxiety?
It gives one an edge in natural selection
What could give you a predisposition for anxiety, bodily speaking? Hint: The n________ s_______ and your natural levels of ?
Nervous system, cortisol
In some cases, the nervous system produces too much ______________ and n________________.
Adrenaline, norepinephrine
Behaviors/mental processes suggest psychological disorders when they combine the following:
1. Being u______; statistical d_________
2. Imply f______y p_______________ or intr________ of r________.
3. They create strong personal d________.
4. They are self-d__________.
5. Are ______________ to oneself or others.
6. Are so__________ un__________.
- Unusual, statistical deviance.
- Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality.
- Severe personal distress.
- Self-defeating.
- Dangerous
- Socially unacceptable.
The drilling of holes in the skull can be attributed to the _________________ model.
Demonological
Psychological diseases were seen as disorders of the mind during the Age of Reason (___4_-___26)
1745-1826
People realized that physical afflictions can affect the mind during the _____s.
1800s
The medical model assumes that illnesses have p________________/______________ causes which can be treated.
Physical, biological.
The diathesis-stress model states that ______________ differences that explain certain disorders under stress.
Biological
The biopsychosocial model explains disorders in terms of
1. ____________ vulnerabilities
2. psychological factors: exposure to ______
3. Socio_______ factors like family and community beliefs
- Biological
- Psychological; exposure to stress
- Sociocultural factors
______________ is at the heart of science.
Classification.
What is the most used classification in psychology?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed. 5
TRUE OR FALSE: Half of adult Americans are affected by disorders at some point in their lives.
TRUE
Obsessive-compulsive types of disorders are linked by
1. _____________ behaviors
2. Which are associated with personal __________ or __________ daily function.
- Repetitive behaviors
- Personal distress or impaired daily function.
OCD is defined by:
1. recurrent, seemingly uncontrollable thoughts (______________)
2. Seemingly irresistible urges to engage in behaviors or _________ that reduce the anxiety (______________)
- Obsessions
- Compulsions (+thoughts)
Anna can’t focus on her meeting because she can’t remember if she locked her front door this morning. What is this a symptom of?
OCD
TRUE OR FALSE: The way to get rid of obsessions is to ignore them completely.
FALSE
Hoarding disorder is both:
The tendency to collect and the difficulty to get rid of stuff.
Hoarding disorder is usually (general/specific.)
Specific.
Obsessive-compulsive kinda of disorders include OCD and hoarding disorder. What else does it include? (HINT: Preoccupation with defects & skin-pulling)
Body dysmorphia.
People with OCD have higher levels of what?
Neural activity in the areas of the brain associated with worrying, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty.
People with [blank] are highly afraid of errors.
OCD
TRUE OR FALSE: OCD has genetic factors.
TRUE
In trauma and stressor related disorders, the individual shows greater . . .
Difficulty adjusting to traumatic events.
PTSD (can/cannot) occur years after the original traumatic event.
Can.
In PTSD, flashbacks are considered . . .
The feeling that the traumatic event is recurring.
In PTSD, (women/men) are more likely to report sleep problems.
Women
PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder are characterized by _________, feeling h________, and rapid h____ ____.
Anxiety, feeling helpless, and rapid heart rate.
1.PTSD generally occurs _ ______ or more after the incident.
2.Acute Stress Disorder occurs within a (month/day/week) of the incident and lasts _ days to _ weeks.
- 6 months
- Month, 2-4
Vulnerability to PTSD is affected by: 1. The perceived _________, 2. A childhood history of _____, 3. Lack of ways to ____ with stress, 4. Lack of ________ ________, 5. _____tic factors.
- The perceived threat
- Childhood history of abuse
- Lacking ways to cope with stress
- A lack of social support
- Genetic factors
______________ therapists can determine PTSD vulnerability through people’s appraisals of the magnitude of the event.
Cognitive
(Women/men) are more vulnerable to PTSD because of testosterone’s effects.
Women
In dissociative disorder, mental processes (including consciousness and knowledge of one’s identity) are . . .
Split from each other
Dissociative disorders include:
1.
2.
3.
- Dissociative identity disorder
- Dissociative amnesia
- Depersonalization-derealization disorder
TRUE OR FALSE: In DID, the personalities show distinct traits and personalities; this includes allergies and prescriptions.
TRUE
In dissociative amnesia, one might forget (explicit, episodic memories/implicit, prospective memories).
Explicit, episodic memories.
TRUE OR FALSE: Dissociative amnesia can be linked to organic issues such as a blow to one’s head.
FALSE
In generalized dissociative amnesia,
People can forget their whole lives.
In depersonalization-derealization, people feel that the world around them is:
Unreal
People with what dissociative diaorder feel like theyre going through the motions?
DP-DR
Dissociative disorders are linked to:
Traumatic childhood experiences before the age of 5, and repression.
What is a somatoform disorder? Describe it briefly.
The feeling of physical issues or the belief that one has a serious disease, without an apparent physical cause.
Somatoform disorder includes illness anxiety disorder and ______________ disorder.
Conversion
Illness anxiety disorder was once called:
Hypochondria
Conversion disorder is linked to:
A major loss in physical function without explanation.
Conversion disorder converts (?) into physical malady.
Stress
What is la belle indifference, and what is its role in comversion disorder?
It is the lack of emotional response to the symptoms of conversion disorder.
What does la belle indifference suggest? (That the physical problems have _________)
That the physical problems have benefits.
Somatoform disorders have much to do with . . .
What one focuses on: stressors or one’s body.
Conversion disorder may be a form of what?
Self-hypnosis.
Somatoform disorders are inheritable through the traits of p___________ and r____________.
Perfectionism and rumination.
Mood disorders have disturbances in mood that are unusually _______, _________, and/or impair ability to __________.
Severe, prolonged, function.
Pressured speech, a symptom of mania, is what exactly?
Speaking rapidly.
Both mania and depression can be characterized by i__________.
Irritability.
TRUE OR FALSE: Both mania and depression can be harmful for someone with bipolar disorder.
TRUE
The symptomatic difference between depression and major depressive disorder is:
The degree of intensity.
In the US, major depressive disorder affects -% of people annually.
5-7%
Over the course of our lives, every _ in 6-7 people will experience major depressive disorser.
1
Psychomotor retardation, a slowness in motor activity and sometimes thought, is linked to what disorder?
Major Depressive Disorder.
People with Major Depressive Disorder may feel theyre unworthy, may feel guilt for imagined wrongdoings, or believe they’re rotting from disease. Some ezperience hallucinations. What is this symptom called?
Psychotic behaviors
_________ theorists link depression with the inability to receive re__for__m___.
Learning, reinforcement.
Learned helplessness might explain depression: it is when organisms learn to show _____________ when rheir behavior is not reinforced.
Inactivity.
Cognitive factors, like too high ____________, can lead to depression.
Standards.
Attributional stable contain the following dimensions:
1. I___________ vs. e____________.
2. S______ vs. u________.
3. G______ vs. s_________.
- Internal vs external
- Stable vs unstable
- Global vs specific
“I messed this up” falls under what attributional style?
Internal.
“He just doesn’t like me” is an example of what attributional style?
External.
“It’s my personality” (suggesting a problem which can’t be changed) is an example of which attributional style?
Stable
“It was because I had a headache” is an example of what attributional style?
Unstable.
“I have no idea what to do when I’m with other people” (A big problem) implies what attributional style?
Global
“I have problems making small talk at the start of a relationship” (Something narrow) is what attributional style?
Specific
People with depression are more likely to have these attributional styles:
1.
2.
3.
The most powerless factors.
- Internal
- Stable
- Global
Unbalanced s_________ plays a role in bipolar disorder.
Serotonin.
TRUE OR FALSE: Genetic factors are strongly linked to depressive disorders.
TRUE
In depression, people have lower levels of _____________.
Serotonin.
Even if people are genetically predisposed towards mood disorders, self-__________, a__________, and e______________ can change things for the better.
Self-efficacy, attitudes, expectations.
TRUE OR FALSE: Depression can be situational.
TRUE
Things we bring upon ourselves tend to. . .
Be more depressing.
People who have persistent depression struggle with _______ social problems and have less social _______
Solving and support
Suicidal adolescents often experience c___________, i______________, emotional i__________, and s_______ problems.
Confusion, impulsiveness, emotional instability, and social problems.
TRUE OR FALSE: Perfectionism in teenagers can be linked to suicidality.
True.
Contributors to suicidal behavior in adolescence include:
1. Concerns over s_________.
2. _________ ______.
3. G_____.
4. Problems __ _____.
5. __________ ______.
- Concerns over sexuality.
- Sexual abuse.
- Grades.
- Problems at home.
TRUE OR FALSE: It’s always a stressful event that triggers suicidality.
FALSE
If not the event itself, what can trigger suicidality?
The anxiety or fear over the event – being found out.
Those with strong suicidal tendencies feel less:
Capable of solving problems.
Suicidality has a _________ component.
Familial
Women are (?) as likely to be diagnosed with depression.
Twice
Men are more likely to cope through d__________, while women are more likely to r____________.
Distract, ruminate.
Suicide is connected with age, e___________, et_________, and g_______.
Age, education, ethnicity, and gender.
Suicide is higher in (college students/same-age people).
College students.
TRUE OR FALSE: Suicides are more common in teenagers than older people.
False.
The suicide rate among unmarried older people is _______ that of married older people.
Double
Every 1 in _ Native Americans have attempted suicide.
6
Among Latin Americans, 1 in _ have attempted suicide.
8
_% of European Americans have attempted suicide.
8%
.% of African Americans have attempted suicide.
6.5%
About _ times as many females as males attempt suicide.
3
Which gender is most likely to die during a suicide?
Men, who often die in more violent suicides.
Are people who warn about suicide only looking for attention?
NO: Most people who commit suicide warn about their intentions.
TRUE OR FALSE: Discussing suicide with someone who is depressed may make them commit suicide.
FALSE
What is a proven way of stopping a suicide?
Making them promise you that they won’t commit suicide before contacting a helping professional.
Some people say that “only people out of touch with reality commit suicide.” Are they correct?
NO
(Hallucinations/delusions) are when you see or hear things that aren’t there.
Hallucinations.
(Hallucinations/delusions) are when you have ideas without basis in facts, such as people planting radios in your walls.
Delusions.
(?) has been referred to as the worst psychological disorder.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia starts at what point in life?
Relatively early on.
TRUE OR FALSE: Schizophrenia affects motor behavior.
TRUE
Briefly describe “positive symptoms”
Inappropriate behaviors like hallucinations, giggling, delusions, agitation.
Briefly describe “negative symptoms.”
The absence of appropriate behaviors; blank face, monotone voice, motionless body, and mutism.
TRUE OR FALSE: People with untreated schizophrenia are usually aware of their symptoms.
FALSE
Unshakeable delusions of grandeur, persecution, or reference are a symptom of:
Schizophrenia
In delusions of reference, people believe that . . .
Others are talking about them.
In stupor, one’s movement, ________, and t_________ are inhibited
Movement, senses, thoughts.
The __________ condition catatonia refers to striking motor impairment.
Psychotic
Stupor may transition into ____________.
Agitation.
What is waxy flexibility, and what is it a symptom of?
When people maintain the positions others have put them in. It is a symptom of catatonia.
The psychological view of schizophrenia attribute it to r____________ in punishing childhood environments.
Reinforcement
The sociocultural view attributes schizophrenia to:
Poverty (twice as high), poor parenting, discrimination, and overcrowding.
What is the primary focus of the biological view of schizophrenia?
Less gray matter
What are other possible biological causes of schizophrenia?
Size of ventricles, activity levels, and neurotransmitter. Also, less activity in the prefrontal cortex & loss of synapses.
What is the connection between schizophrenia and dopamine?
Overutilization, and more dopamine receptors.
Often, a genetic vulnerability is necessary to schizophrenia, but _____________.
Insufficient.
The textbook links complications in childbirth and poor nutrition during pregnancy with
Schizophrenia
What season are people with schizophrenia most likely to be born in?
Winter
What model do psychologists use for schizophrenia?
The biopsychosocial model.
What are personality disorders characterized by?
“Enduring behavior patterns”
People with NPD have a deep-seated feeling of:
Inadequacy.
People with NPD may struggle in interpersonal relationships because:
Of a tendency to exploit people who flatter them.
NPD makes it harder for people to feel:
Empathy
TRUE OR FALSE: People with ASPD completely lack charm.
False
People with ASPD are often i___________.
Impulsive
TRUE OR FALSE: People with ASPD are actually good at forming strong bonds with others
False.
People with ASPD cannot be corrected through ____________ and do not feel ______.
Punishment, guilt.
People with BPD lack a stable ____-______.
Self-image
TRUE OR FALSE: Those with BPD are overly confident in their values.
FALSE
Mood ___________ is a central symptom of BPD.
Instability
The impulsivity of BPD is linked to…
Suicidality.
What personality disorder is “overly dramatic and emotional, demands to be center of attention, excessive need for praise,”
HINT: Starts with H
Histrionic
What defines PPD? (Paranoid)
An interpretation of other’s behavior as a threat or insult.
What is schizoid PD connected to?
Shallow emotions and little desire for social contact.
Schizotypal PD is different from schizoid PD in what way?
Persistent difficulty forming relationships and odd behaviors.
What personality disorder consists of a chronic pattern of avoiding relationships, and is linked to rejection (HINT: Doesn’t start with S)
Avoidant Personality disorder
What separates OCPD from OCD?
Rigid ways of relating to others and high need for order and perfection.
What childhood perception may be connected with ASPD?
The belief that others are being threatening, even if they’re not.
TRUE OR FALSE: Personality disorders are intensified versions of normal traits.
TRUE
People with avoidant personalities tend to be introverted and . . . (HINT: stability)
Unstable emotionally.
ASPD and BPD are connected to the areas of the brain that:
Regulate emotions and curb impulses.
The genetics of ASPD may involve what part of the brain? (Specific organ)
Prefrontal cortex.
Like schizophrenia, ASPD may be linked to:
Gray matter
TRUE OR FALSE: A lower heart rate may be linked to ASPD.
TRUE
The learning perspective believes children learn incorrect ways of relating to others, and that this creates personality disorders. What does the cognitive perspective believe?
That children encode social information in ways which bolster their behavior – seeing others as threatening when they’re not. Thus, children should be taught to see social provocations in the problem-solver light, not as threats.
