Chapter 11 Flashcards
In p________, stress is defined as a pressure/force exerted on a body.
Physics.
In psychology, stress is defined as a demand for an organism to a____, c___, or a______.
adapt, cope, or adjust.
Eustress is:
a. Healthy stress
b. Physically dangerous stress
c. Stress observed exclusively in the body
d. Stress that is short-lived
a.
Health psychology studies the connections between ______________ factors and the prevention+treatment of ____________ problems.
Psychological, physical.
Pathogens are:
a. Any bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Harmful bacteria
d. Harmful bacteria & viruses
d.
Of these answers, which does health psychology NOT investigate?
a. How psychological factors (stress, behavior patterns, attitudes) perpetrate illness
b. How people cope with stress
c. How stress and pathogens interact
d. Whether people seek healthcare
e. How psychological health affects crime rates
f. How psychological interventions such as health education + behavior modification contribute to physical health
e. How psychological health affects crime rates
Daily hassles occur on a(n) (regular/irregular) basis, while life events typically occur on a(n) (regular/irregular) basis.
Regular, irregular.
Which of these is NOT an environmental hassle?
a. Weather
b. Noise
c. Crime
d. Pollution
e. Illness
e. Illness
Which of these are financial responsibility hassles? (multiple)
a. Not affording things
b. Owing money
c. Job security
d. Job dissatisfaction
e. Investments
f. Retirement
a. and b.
Which of these is NOT a work hassle?
a. Job dissatisfaction
b. Job security
c. Problems with coworkers.
b.
Which one of these is NOT a security hassle?
a. Job security
b. Terrorism
c. Investments & retirement
d. Crime
d.
TRUE OR FALSE: Both life events AND daily hassles may be positive psychologically.
FALSE(?)
Do positive changes never require readjustment?
No
Perennial stresses for 3/5 of Americans include m_____, ____, and r___________.
Money, work, relationships.
Health is an ongoing concern for / of Americans.
1/2.
TRUE OR FALSE: 2/3rds of Americans in 2017 said the future of the nation is a significant source of stress, for the first time.
TRUE
Gen Z reported stress from mass shootings (__%), climate change/global warming (_8%), and widespread sexual assault (_3%)
75%, 58%, and 53%.
_6% of Americans said the 2020 election was stressful.
56%
_1% of Americans are stressed by mass shootings, and _9% are stressed by healthcare.
71%, 69%.
_6% are stressed by climate change.
56%.
During the pandemic, _4% of people were concerned about a family member getting infected, about the government response, and disrupted routines/adjusting to new routines.
74%.
During the pandemic, _3% of people were concerned about being infected themselves, and of distance learning for their children.
73%
During the pandemic, _0% were concerned about meeting basic needs such as food and housing, _7% reported self-isolation as a source of stress, and _6% reported being stressed about healthcare services.
70%, 67%, 66%.
Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems, such as h_____ ________, c_______, a________, and d___________.
Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression.
_5% of people report feeling irritation from stress. _1% report feeling tired. _6% report having headaches. _6% report indigestion, and _3% feel tense. _4% felt depressed, _0% felt they could cry.
45%. 41%. 36%. 26%, 23%. 34%, 30%.
D____ h______ are notable conditions and experiences that are threatening to one’s wellbeing.
Daily hassles.
TRUE OR FALSE: Music and taking walks are the most common forms of stress relief.
TRUE
The stress of an event is linked to its p________ danger, our g____, v_____, b_____ in our c______ ability, and our s____l situations.
Perceived, goals, values, beliefs in our coping ability, and our social situations.
Psychologists define conflict as:
a. The state of being pulled in two or more directions by opposite motives.
b. Disagreement between the two hemispheres of the brain.
c. The inability of the mind to reconcile one idea with another.
d. An aggressive reaction caused by the id.
a.
This type of conflict refers to two appeasing choices. What is it called?
Approach-approach conflict.
What type of conflict is the least stressful?
Approach-approach conflict.
This type of conflict refers to two consequential and negative choices. What is it called?
Avoidance-avoidance conflict.
“Cheesecake is delicious, but the calories!” or “I want to get back together, but we had a nasty breakup the last two times” are considered what type of conflict?
a. Approach-approach
b. Approach-avoidance
c. Avoidance-avoidance.
d. Multiple approach-avoidance.
b.
Which form of conflict is the most complex?
Multiple approach-avoidance.
In approach-avoidance (multiple), each course of action has ____ and ____.
Pros and cons.
Choosing between studying for an exam or going to the movies is an example of what type of conflict?
a. Approach-approach
b. Approach-avoidance
c. Avoidance-avoidance.
d. Multiple approach-avoidance.
d.
TRUE OR FALSE: Beliefs can be as stressful as the events.
TRUE
Ellis’s ABC means:
Activating events –> Beliefs –> Consequence
Pessimistic beliefs can compound ______, foster h___________, and divert us from ________ and _________ where to go next.
Misery, helplessness, planning and deciding where to go next.
Beliefs can c___________ stress by internalizing blame, causing physical problems such as _____ ________ increases.
Catastrophize, blood pressure.
Catastrophic Belief: “It is necessary to ______ have love and approval from people who are important to you.”
Always
Catastrophic Belief: “Some acts are awful, and that people who perform such acts should be severely __________.”
Punished
Catastrophic Belief: “It is __________ when things do not go the way we want them. Life is awful when you don’t get your first choice.”
Horrible
Catastrophic Belief: “Human misery is caused and forced on us by _________ events. Until these pressures change, you must remain miserable.”
External
Catastrophic Belief: “If something is dangerous or fearsome, we should be terribly _____ and endlessly
______ about it.”
Upset, obsess.
Catastrophic Belief: “It is easier to (face/avoid) life’s difficulties and assume
responsibility for oneself.”
The latter.
Catastrophic Belief: “We need to ____ __ someone or something other, stronger, or
greater than ourselves.”
Rely on.
Catastrophic Belief: “We should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in ______ possible respect.”
Every.
Catastrophic Belief: “Because something once strongly affected our life, it should ___________ affect it.”
Indefinitely.
Catastrophic Belief: “We must have certain and perfect c______ over things.”
Control.
Catastrophic Belief: “Human happiness can be achieved by in_____ and in______.”
Inertia, inaction.
Catastrophic belief: “We have virtually no ______ over our emotions and that we cannot help feeling disturbed about things.”
Control.
TRUE OR FALSE: Type A people do accomplish more, but end up less fulfilled.
TRUE
Type B people focus more on the _______ of ____.
Quality of life.
Type B people have lower _____ p_______.
Blood pressure.
Type A people strive for c___________ self-improvement.
Continuous.
Type _ people are more likely to get into accidents.
A.
Self-________ expectations are the belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts.
Efficacy
Self-efficacy refers to:
a. The ability to make things happen
b. Our belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts.
c. A trait qualified by a need to be efficient.
a.
By testing adrenaline and noradrenaline levels, Albert Bandura found that (high/low) self-efficacy expectations are linked to low levels of stress.
High.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline can be secreted when:
a. We are under stress
b. We are dozing off
c. We are meditating
a.
Albert Bandura’s linkage between self-efficacy and low stress levels is:
a. Psychological
b. Biological
c. Both psychological and biological.
c.
Adrenaline & noradrenaline ____________ the heart rate and (encourage/discourage) release of glucose from the liver.
Accelerate, encourage.
TRUE OR FALSE: High self-efficacy expectations are linked to better pain functioning and ability to drop bad habits (smoking/drinking/overeating)
TRUE
Psychological hardiness is:
a. A cluster of traits that prevent stress, characterized by commitment, creativity, and calculation.
b. A cluster of traits that buffer stress, characterized by commitment, challenge and control.
c. A single trait that minimizes stress, characterized by challenge, calmness and control.
b.
Hardiness as a concept has been pioneered by S_________ K_______.
Susanne Kobasa.
In psychological hardiness, commitment refers to a tendency to ___________ oneself in – rather than feel alienated by – new encounters.
Involve.
In psychological hardiness, challenge refers to the idea that ________, not stability, is normal & key to personal growth.
Change.
In psychological hardiness, control refers to a high level in ___________ control: an internal locus of control.
Perceived.
The locus control refers to the ______ an individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers. (Either inside or outside of the self).
Place
Psychologically hardy people are resistant to stress because they:
Choose to face it.
Consuming humorous content can raise levels of im______gl___n _ in your saliva.
Immunoglobin A.
Laughter stimulates the release of e__________.
Endorphins.
Humor creates positive ____________ shifts.
Cognitive.
TRUE OR FALSE: Predicting a stressor limits the impact.
TRUE
Social support reduces our level of ______ hormones.
Stress.
TRUE OR FALSE: Social support helps with acculturation.
TRUE
Social support includes:
Emotional c________ (listening to people’s problems & being sympathetic)
Instrumental ___ (Material supports + services facilitating adaptive behavior)
In__________ (Giving guidance & advice)
Ap______l (Feedback)
S____________ (Conversation, recreation, shopping)
Emotion concern, instrumental aid, information, appraisal, socializing.
People without emotional support report / being depressed, _1% being unable to make lifestyle changes, _3% reporting increased stress, and a stress level of _.2.
1/2, 21, 43, 6.2.
People with emotional support report / being depressed, _0% being unable to make lifestyle changes, _6% reporting increased stress, and a stress level of _.8.
1/3, 10, 26, 4.8.
General adaption syndrome as thought of by Hans S___e.
Selye.
TRUE OR FALSE: The body’s response to stressors shows some similarities regardless of whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, a perceived danger, or a major life change.
TRUE
The alarm reaction __________ the body biologically.
Mobilizes.
The mobilization of the alarm reaction is the basis for the ______-__-______ reaction.
Flight-or-fight.
The flight-or-fight reaction activates the e___o_____, c_______v_______, and the mu______sk_______ systems.
Endocrine, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal.
TRUE OR FALSE: Short-term stress can improve immune system function.
TRUE
Stress has a domino effect on the ___________ system.
Endocrine.
The domino effect on the endocrine system:
1. The hy__________s secretes co_____tr___in-rel___ing hormone.
2. Co_____tr___in-rel___ing hormone causes the pi_____y gland to secrete adr_____c____tr___ic hormone.
3. Adr_____c____tr___ic hormone causes the ad______ cortex to secrete c____ol and other co___co steroids.
- Hypothalamus, corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
- Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, pituary, adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, adrenal cortex, cortisol, cortico steroids.
Corticosteroids combat ______gic reactions and reducing i___________n.
Allergic, inflammation.
TRUE OR FALSE: An excess of corticosteroids can harm the cardiovascular system.
TRUE
Inflammation _________ circulation to injured parts of the body.
Increases.
The a_______ m_______ plays a large part in the alarm reaction.
Adrenal medulla.
In the alarm reaction, the adrenal medulla is triggered by the ____________ division of the ANS.
Sympathetic.
In the alarm reaction, r___________ rate, b_______ ________re, h_____ rate, and blood coagu_______ increases
Respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood coagulability.
TRUE OR FALSE: Digestion is inhibited by the alarm reaction.
TRUE
In the alarm reaction, blood shifts from:
a. Skeletal musculature to the internal organs.
b. The internal organs to the skeletal musculature.
c. From the internal organs to the central nervous system.
b
In the alarm reaction, muscles:
Tense
When the adrenal medulla is activated, it releases:
Adrenaline and noradrenaline.
The heart rate rises & the liver releases glucose because of the a_______ m_______ activating.
Adrenal medulla.
The resistance stage activates if the alarm reaction (does/doesn’t) mobilize the body, and the stressor (is/isn’t removed).
Does, isn’t.
TRUE OR FALSE: In the resistance stage, endocrine and sympathetic activity are lower than in the alarm reaction stage.
TRUE
In the exhaustion stage, the muscles are _________, the body is depleted of resources for c________ stress, and the __________________ division of the ANS dominates.
Fatigued, combating, parasympathetic.
In the exhaustion stage, our heart and respiration rate (quickens/slows down)
Slows down.
“Diseases of adaption” might occur in the ___________ stage.
Exhaustion.
The exhaustion stage, if untreated, can lead to the (constriction/dilation) of blood vessels and alteration of the heart rhythm.
Constriction.
TRUE OR FALSE: The exhaustion stage is linked to allergies and heart disease.
TRUE
Psychoneuroimmunology is a combination of psychology, b___________, and m_________ research.
Psychology, biology, medical research.
Psychoneuroimmunology studies the relationships between p_____________ factors, the n________ system, the e________ system, and the i_________ system.
Psychological, nervous system, endocrine system, and the immune system.
Leukocytes are ______ _____ cells.
White blood.
How many of these do leukocytes engulf + kill?
a. Bacteria
b. Viruses
c. Fungi
d. Dying/Cancerous body cells
All 4
Leukocytes recognize foreign substances by their:
Shape
(Antigens/antibodies) are substances that stimulate the body to mount an immune system response.
Antigens
The body reacts to antigens by creating ___________ proteins, or “__________.”
Specialized, antibodies.
Antibodies __________ to antigens, which d___________s and m___s them.
Attach, deactivates, marks.
How does the immune system remember antigens?
By maintaining their antibodies in the bloodstream.
Inflammation leads blood vessels in injured areas to c________, then d________.
Contract, dilate.
Dilation of the blood vessels (increases/decreases) flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the injured area.
Increases.
TRUE OR FALSE: Dilation causes redness, swelling, and warmth.
TRUE
Inflammation leads to an (increase/decrease) in white blood cells.
Increase.
Stress (stimulates/reduces) the production of steroids.
Stimulates
Steroids (support/suppress) the function of the immune system.
Suppress
Suppression has (a strong/negligible) effect when steroids are secreted occasionally.
Negligible.
Persistent secretion of steroids (increases/decreases) inflammation & formation of antibodies.
Decreases
TRUE OR FALSE: Steroids can make us more susceptible to infection.
TRUE
Being _______ and taking _____s is linked to weaker immune systems in college students.
Lonely, exams.
The E_______-____ virus remains dormant in 90% of people infected.
Epstein-Barr.
Stress elevates levels of c________ and e___________.
Cortisol, epinephrine.
The impact of a stressor reflects its _________ to the individual.
Meaning.
O___________ can help with stressors, including those associated with physical illness.
Optimism.
TRUE OR FALSE: Pessimists are actually happier, healthier, successful, & live longer.
FALSE
Optimism is associated with a lower risk of _______ disease.
Heart.
Optimistic people are likely healthier because:
a. They are more self-aware
b. They believe their improvement goals will work
c. They are less stressed
b.
TRUE OR FALSE: Religion can make hardship/suffering more bearable for some.
TRUE
Benevolent Religious Reappraisal has two methods: _________-focused and ________-focused.
Emotion, problem.
________-Focused: Religion endorsing ways to manage human suffering– prayer, social gatherings, etc.
Emotion
________-Focused: Death as meaningful.
Problem
Beneficial Religious Appraisal is a form of ____________ reappraisal.
Cognitive.
In Beneficial Religious Appraisal, people perceive troubles as a:
Lesson from God
In _________ appraisal, we decide whether a stressor is desirable or harmful.
Primary
If we determine the stressor is a threat, we engage in ____________ appraisal.
Secondary.
In ____________ appraisal, we assess our resources + skills for coping with a stressor.
Secondary.
If we cannot manage the stressor, we may engage in __________ ________ or giving up & letting things play out.
Passive coping
In _________ coping, we take purposeful action.
Active.
Active coping includes _________-focused coping and __________-focused coping.
Emotion, problem.
In (emotion/problem)-focused coping, individuals regulate their negative emotions instead of taking action.
Emotion.
Seeking social support, prayer, meditation, and other relaxation techniques count as (emotion/problem)-focused coping.
Emotion.
Exercise (aerobics in particular) is an example of __________-focused coping.
Emotion.
Exercise (reduces/raises) endorphin levels, which block pain.
Raises.
TRUE OR FALSE: Surfing the internet or watching sports games can actually reduce stress.
TRUE
Spending time in nature is associated with a decreased h____ ____, fewer ______ hormones in saliva, ____________ blood pressure, decreased activity of the _______________ nervous system, and increased activity of the ____________ nervous system.
Heart rate, stress hormones, normalized blood pressure, decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
__-__ minutes in nature every day is enough to reduce stress.
10-50
TRUE OR FALSE: Mind-body therapies like Tai Chi, Qi Gong, yoga, and meditation can bolster the immune system.
TRUE
Specifically, _-__ weeks of mind-body therapies like Tai Chi, Qi Gong, yoga, and meditation can bolster the immune system.
7-16
Meditation can relieve c_______ p___, lower b______ __________, and lessen a________ & d___________.
Relieve chronic pain, lower blood pressure, lesson anxiety & depression
TRUE OR FALSE: Mindfulness meditation revolves around focusing on only thoughts and physical sensations: only on each moment in time.
TRUE
Progressive relaxation was invented by E______ J___________.
Edmund Jacobson.
Progressive relaxation is:
a. Purposefully relaxing each muscle, starting from your toes.
b. Purposefully tensing muscles before relaxing them.
c. Slowly adapting stress-relieving activities like meditation and exercise into one’s lifestyle.
b.
When we are stressed, our breathing typically becomes:
a. Shallow & rapid
b. Irregular & rapid
c. Shallow & slow
a.
Hyperventilating causes lightheadedness. When we hyperventilate, we:
a. Breath out too much CO2
b. Breath in too much oxygen
c. Breath in too little oxygen.
a.
Breathing calmly and deeply (counters/increases) arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
Counters
TRUE OR FALSE: Breathing through the nose can reduce stress.
TRUE
In _______-focused coping, one directly confronts one’s problems.
Problem
Successful problem-focused coping involves m_________ strategies and __________ people responsible.
Multiple, confronting.
Problem-solving therapy was innovated by c__________-b__________ psychologists.
Cognitive-behavioral.
Problem-solving therapy has _ steps.
7
Problem-solving Therapy:
1. D________
2. S__ _____
3. B__________ multiple solutions.
4. E___________ each solution.
5. S________ your solution.
6. I__________ your _________ plan.
7. E___________ the outcome.
- Define the problem (Be specific & evaluate your coping strategies)
- Set goals (Realistic and measurable)
- Brainstorm multiple solutions.
- Evaluate each solution. (Be realistic, use pros and cons)
- Select your solution. (Use cognitive filtering, prioritize what will work over what’s easiest)
- Implement your action plan (Think of the where, when, whos, “what first”s).
- Evaluate the outcome (Why, why not, what else can you try. See difficulties as opportunities).
In problem-solving, __________ ___________ is often key.
Generating solutions.
We can often solve problems by thinking about ___________ __________ in our past.
Analogous situations.
To solve problems, we need good i______________.
Information.
You can use the internet for information, but:
Be sure to use critical thinking.
When we can’t eliminate or reduce stressors, we can use __________-________ _______ as a strategy.
Emotion-focused coping.
