Chapter 10 Flashcards
To humanistic theorists, personality is c________, not i_______.
Created, inborn.
Personality are the (stable/unstable) patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish people.
Stable.
Personality consists of e_______, m_______, and b__________.
Emotion, motives, behaviors.
Psychodynamic emphasizes the importance of u__________ m________ and c__________ in determining behavior.
Unconscious motives, conflicts.
Freud was trained as a ph__________.
Physician.
If the human mind is like an iceberg, which “psychic structure” is under the water? (Id/superego/ego)
Id
If the human mind is like an iceberg, which parts of consciousness are under the water? (Conscious/preconscious/unconscious)
Both preconscious and unconscious
The unconscious includes both repressed ideas and pr_________ instincts.
Primitive.
Repression is (automatic/mechanical)
Automatic.
Freud’s personality theory is referred to as ps____________ theory.
Psychoanalytic.
In psychoanalysis, people are (encouraged/discouraged) to speak their mind in a (comfortable/uncomfortable) environment.
Encouraged, comfortable.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Id is present at birth.
TRUE
The ID is:
1. Both preconscious and unconscious
2. Entirely unconscious
3. Entirely preconscious
4. Both unconscious and conscious.
2.
The Id is (devoid/full) of conflicting thoughts.
Full
The ego develops when one is _ year(s) old.
1
The Id is guided by the __________ principle.
Pleasure.
The Ego is guided by the _________ principle.
Reality.
The Id tells you that you’re hungry, but the (ego/superego) decides what to eat.
Ego.
TRUE OR FALSE: The ego has both conscious and unconscious properties.
TRUE
The (ego/superego) is responsible for defense mechanisms such as repression.
The ego.
The superego develops as children incorporate ______ standards of parents.
Moral
Children develop a superego through i___________, or relating to others.
Identification.
The superego follows the _______ principle.
Moral
Alfred Adler believed people are basically motivated by a(n) i__________ c_________.
Inferiority complex.
Adler believed that feelings of inferiority during childhood led to a drive for s___________.
Superiority.
Adler’s “Creative Self” is a s___-______ aspect that strives to overcome conflict & develop potential.
Self-aware
Individual psychology is linked to:
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney asserted that unconscious sexual + aggressive impulses are less important than s_______ relationships.
social
TRUE OR FALSE: Karen Horney believed that genuine + consistent love can alleviate a traumatic childhood.
TRUE
Erik Erikson believed that s______ relationships are more important determinants of personality than primal urges.
Social
TRUE OR FALSE: Erikson believed we create our own personalities to an extent.
TRUE
Erikson labelled his psychosocial theory of development using t______ rather than zones.
Traits
The first stage of psychosocial development is t_____ vs. m_________.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
Erikson believed the goal of adolescence is attainment of e__ i_______.
Ego identity.
E__ _______ is a firm sense of who one is + what one stands for.
Ego identity.
Today, the Id and libido are considered (scientific/unscientific)
Unscientific.
Traits are aspects of personality inferred from _________.
Behavior.
TRUE OR FALSE: Trait perspective dates back to the physician Hippocrates.
TRUE
Contemporary trait theory assume that traits are (learned/heritable) and are embedded in the n________ ___________.
Heritable, nervous system.
Eysenck studied relationships using i_________-__________ and emotional s________-___________.
Introversion-extroversion, stability-instability.
TRUE OR FALSE: Eysenck came up with introversion-extroversion.
FALSE (Carl Jung)
Match Eysenck’s dimensions to Hippocrate’s humors.
Choleric: Extraverted, unstable.
Sanguine: Extraverted, stable.
Phlegmatic: Introverted, stable.
Melancholic: Introverted, unstable.
Contemporary trait theory relies on the mathematical technique of f_______ ________, developed by Charles Spearman.
Factor Analysis.
TRUE OR FALSE: Factor Analysis was designed to study personality.
FALSE (Intelligence)
Which of these are the “Big Five” personality traits?
a. Extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness.
b. Extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness.
c. Extraversion, neuroticism, optimism, agreeableness, and openness.
a.
TRUE OR FALSE: Personalities are primarily shaped by environmental conditions, rather than mature over time.
FALSE
The number of traffic citations is negatively correlated with the factor/trait of ___________.
Agreeableness
TRUE OR FALSE: The opposite of agreeableness is defined as “Shallowness and lack of perceptiveness”
FALSE (That’s openness!)
Binge drinkers have higher n___________ and e__________ scores, but lower c___________.
Neuroticism, extraversion. Conscientiousness.
______________ is linked to higher grades in college and successful goal-setting.
Conscientiousness.
TRUE OR FALSE: Art majors are more conscientious than scientists and lawyers (as a group)
FALSE
Majors in arts and psychology are (more/less) open to new experiences than engineers and lawyers (as a group)
More
Extroverts have higher levels of d________.
Dopamine.
Heritability of an extroverted personality is estimated at __-__%.
40-60.
Behaviorists believe that personality is (plastic/concrete)
Plastic
B. F. Skinner argued that we should emphasize the effects of r____________ on behavior.
Reinforcement
Critics of behaviorism cite the lack of c____________ and c________.
Consciousness, choice.
Social-cognitive theory was developed by A______ B________.
Albert Bandura.
Social-cognitive theory learns by o__________.
Observation.
Social-cognitive theory focuses on s_________ (rewards + punishments) and p______ variables.
Situational, person.
Person variables include k_________, s______, ways of i_____________ experience, e_________, p___, and self-regulatory s_______.
Knowledge, skills, interpreting, emotion, plans, systems.
TRUE OR FALSE: Situational variables are enough to predict behavior off of.
FALSE
Self-efficacy expectation is:
Belief in our ability to accomplish certain things.
Positive self-efficacy expectation is linked to high self-esteem and a____________ m__________.
Achievement motivation.
Cognitive learning is also referred to as:
a. Modeling
b. Observational learning
c. Mental representation
Both a. and b.
TRUE OR FALSE: Direct reinforcement is not required for cognitive learning.
TRUE
P___________ and t________ theory cannot be measured directly.
Psychoanalysis and trait theory.
Learning theorists emphasize e______________ forces (or “situational variables”).
Environmental
Humanism is the belief that people are capable of f____ _______, ____-f___________, and e_______ behavior.
free choice, self-fulfillment, ethical.
__________ serves as a counterpoint or “third force” to psychodynamic and behavioral models.
Humanism
Humanism is a reaction to i____________ and a___________.
Industrialization, automation.
______________ is the belief that people are completely free & responsible for own behavior. (Hint: Not humanism)
Existentialism
Existentialism is a reaction to ___ and __________ in the 20th century.
War and genocide.
Psychologists Viktor Frankl, Ludwig Binswanger, and Medard Boss argued that Sartre and Heidegger’s trivialization of human existence could create w________ and a______.
Withdrawal, apathy.
“Psychological salvation” requires creating ___________ meaning and making __________ choices.
Personal.
Gender-typing is the process of displaying behavior patterns consistent with __________ roles.
Stereotypical.
Anatomic and personality gender differences can be traced to prenatal levels of ___ ________.
Sex hormones.
In social-cognitive theory, gender-typing is influenced by _________ and ___________, as well as i____________.
Rewards, punishments. Identification.
Gender-schema theory emphasizes the role of co__________ in gender-typing.
Cognition.
Gender schemas are clusters of ideas about masculine and feminine _________ traits.
Physical.
TRUE OR FALSE: According to gender-schema theory, children seek out gender stereotypes to live up to them.
TRUE
Maslow argued that we have a (conscious/unconscious) need for self-actualization.
COnscious
Because people are unique, their paths to self-actualization must also be:
Unique
Maslow argues that people are (at/not at) the mercy of the unconscious & primitive impulses.
Not at
Maslow argues that the primary threat to our individual personality is:
Others asserting their control.
Self-actualization requires:
Risk-taking
One of the founders of humanism, Carl Rogers defined the (?) as the center of experience. (Hint: What other concept did we cover in this part of the chapter?)
Self
The self is an __________ sense of who & what you are, how & why you react to the environment.
Ongoing
Roger’s theory focuses on the _______ of the self and the conditions that allow the self to __________.
Nature, develop.
Roger was primarily concerned about self-_______ and self-________.
Concept, esteem.
The self-concept, according to Roger, comes from our i___________ of ourselves and our evaluations of our a___________.
Impressions, adequacy.
Rogers believed we all have unique __________ of __________ (Ways of looking at the world)
Frames of reference.
Rogers believed we use different d_____________ as frames of reference.
Dimensions.
To Rogers, self-esteem reflects the esteem in which:
Others hold us
Parents help children develop their self-esteem when they provide u______________ positive regard.
Unconditional
TRUE OR FALSE: Conditional positive regard is considered “not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all the person’s behavior’s,” not unconditional positive regard.
FALSE
Conditional positive regard is based on the acceptability of a person’s __________
Behaviors.
Conditions of worth are what people are ________ by.
Judged.
For people raised in conditional positive regard, they may have to (?) to have consistent self-concept and self-esteem.
Disown parts of themselves.
TRUE OR FALSE: Rogers believed that the path to self-actualization included discarding our genuine feelings.
FALSE
Roger’s method of psychotherapy is called ________-__________ therapy.
Client-centered.
Roger’s “Self-ideals” are our m______ i_____ of what we are capable of.
Mental images
We are motivated to (?) between our self-concepts and self-ideals.
Reduce differences
Rogers believed our self-esteem:
Reflects the esteem we receive from others.
TRUE OR FALSE: Zero likes can be perceived as a threat to somebody’s basic social needs.
TRUE
The primary strength AND weakness of the human-existential theory is:
Conscious experience is private and subjective.
Human-existential theories (do/do not) predict traits and skills.
Do not.
Personality (can/can not) be understood without a sociocultural perspective.
Can not
Sociocultural perspective is needed in personality theory because different cultures have different
1. a___________
2. b________
3. n____
4. s___-__________
5. v_______.
Attitudes, beliefs, norms, self-definitions, values.
European nations lean towards i_____________.
Individualism.
African, Asian, and Central & Southern American nations lean towards c__________.
Collectivism.
Individualists are more likely to finish the phrase “I am” with p__________ or o___________.
Personality or occupation.
Collectivists are more likely to finish “I am,” with their f________, g_______, or n_______.
Family, gender, or nation.
Urban settings lean towards (individualism/collectivism)
Individualism
TRUE OR FALSE: When acculturating into a new culture, it’s best for your self-esteem to keep both your culture and learn the new culture.
TRUE
To measure psychological concepts, one must measure _____________ in the brain and s_________ in the blood.
Electricity, substances.
P___________ measure heart rate and blood pressure.
Physicians.
The validity of a test is:
a. The extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure.
b. The consistency or stability of test scores from one test to another.
c. The process by which one obtains and organizes test scores.
a.
The reliability of a test is:
a. The extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure.
b. The consistency or stability of test scores from one test to another.
c. The process by which one obtains and organizes test scores.
b.
________________ is the process by which test scores are obtained & organized from various population groups, so that individual results can be compared to other individuals with differing characteristics.
Standardization.
A __________ IQ test should remain constant from childhood to adulthood.
Reliable.
TRUE OR FALSE: Behavior-rating scales assess behavior in classroom & mental hospital settings.
TRUE
Behavior-rating scales measure the ____________ of a specific behavior.
Occurrence.
Personality measures can be used to see if somebody would work best with a certain c________, c___s, or d___.
Career, class, drug.
Objective tests must be answered in a s_______, l________ format. C_______.
Specific, limited. Concrete.
TRUE OR FALSE: True or false tests are considered objective tests.
TRUE
Interest inventories use f_______-______ tests frequently.
Forced-choice.
The most widely used clinical & psychological research test is the M_________ _____________ __________ _________ test.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.
The MMPI scales were constructed ____________, on the basis of actual clinic data rather than theory.
Empirically.
TRUE OR FALSE: Empirical tests are only based on psychological theory.
TRUE
The MMPI was developed through administering it to people with s____________ and d_____________.
Schizophrenia, depression.
TRUE OR FALSE: Projective tests have clear answers.
FALSE
Projective tests include ___________ tests.
Rorscach
Projective tests may ask you to _____ something or complete a ___________.
Draw, complete.
The Rorscach test is a test of ___________ by how close the answer resembles the blot.
Reality
Some people believe the Rorschach test measures i_________, i_______ts, and p_________ processes.
Intelligence, interests, perceptual.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Rorschach test can measure psychological disorders and childhood conflict.
FALSE
The Rorschach test is used to measure c______ c________ and c________ aptitude.
Child custody, career.
The Rorschach test can reveal p__________ problems or individuality.
Personality.
To test motivation research and clinical practice, drawings open to various interpretation are used. What is this test called? (HINT: Contains the letter combination “perception”)
Thematic Apperception Test
Freud believed that a healthy personality (gratifies/denies) the needs of the id without seriously offending the superego.
Gratifies
The ego should be a good:
Problem-solver.
The (superego/ego) decides right and wrong.
Superego.
Freud believed that ________ factors were central to personality development.
Sexual.
Freud believed that a major instinct, _____, preserves + perpetuates life.
Eros
Eros is fueled by the l________.
Libido.
Freud’s psychosexual theory revolves around e_____________ _____.
Erogenous zones.
The five periods of “psychosexual development” are:
1. ____
2. ____
3. p______
4. l_______y
5. g________.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
TRUE OR FALSE: According to Freud, conflict is present in each stage.
TRUE
According to Freud, excessive weaning can lead to f_____________, while excessive feeding can lead to en__________.
Frustration, entitlement.
Oral traits include d___________, g__________, and excessive o__________/p___________.
Dependency, gullibility, optimism/pessimism.
In the anal stage, gratification comes from e____________ of waste.
Elimination.
Anal-retentive tendencies involve excessive ____ _______ and need for _______.
Self-control, need for order.
Anal-expulsive traits involve c__________, m________, and even s________.
Carelessness, messiness, sadism.
The anal stage starts in the ___ year.
2nd.
The phallic stage starts in the ___ year.
3rd.
The Oedipus and Electra complex forms during the _________ stage.
Phallic.
The Oedipus and Electra complex is resolved by age _ or _.
5 or 6.
Psychoanalytic theory puts _____________ as key to gender-typing.
Identification.
What, in Freud’s theory, causes children to repress sexual ideas & enter latency?
The Oedipus and Electra complex.
When do we enter the genital stage?
Puberty.
TRUE OR FALSE: Homosexuality is connected to the phallic stage.
FALSE
Neo-Freudians typically include c__________ and d________ mechanisms in their theories.
Conflict, defense.
Analytical theory of psychology was invented by:
Carl Jung.
In contrast to Freud, Jung downplayed the importance of ___.
Sex
Jung’s personal unconscious refers to (repressed memories & impulses/primitive images that reflect human history)
Repressed memories & impulses.
Archetypes are prevalent in the ____________ u____________, and are primarily (conscious/unconscious).
Collective unconscious, unconscious.
