Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 4313 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Sets of objects that belong together
  • Considered to be “partly” equal
A

Category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Different objects can be grouped together because of their _____

A

functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Mental representations of a category
  • Allow individuals to organize their knowledge, make inferences, and categorize objects based on their functions and characteristics
A

Concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Formed through experiences
  • Plays a crucial role in semantic memory
A

Concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

We make sense of our cognition based on the situation we are in

A

Situated Cognition Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Long-term memory that is responsible for storing general knowledge
  • Allow us to organize objects we encounter
A

Semantic Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eleanor Rosch’s theory: we organize each category on the basis of a prototype

A

The Prototype Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the item that is the best, most typical example of a category

A

Prototype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype

A

Prototype Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

degree to which they are representative of their category

A

Prototypicality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

begins with the most representative or prototypical members, and it continues on through the category’s non-prototypical members

A

Graded structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Characteristics of Prototypes

A
  • Prototypes are supplied as examples of a category
  • Prototypes are judged more quickly than non-prototypes, after semantic priming
  • Prototypes share attributes in a family resemblance category
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

occurs when people judge typical items (prototypes) faster than items that are not typical (non-prototypes)

A

Typicality Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

A

Semantic Priming Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____ facilitates people’s responses to prototypes significantly more than it facilitated responses to non-prototypes

A

semantic priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept; however, each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept

A

Family resemblance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Levels of Categorization

A
  • Superordinate-level categories
  • Basic-level categories
  • Subordinate-level categories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Levels of Categorization: means that they are higher-level or more general categories

A

Superordinate-level categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Levels of Categorization: moderately specific

A

Basic-level categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Levels of Categorization: refer to lower-level or more specific categories

A

Subordinate-level categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the best example of a category; a category that is neither too general nor too specific

A

prototype; basic-level category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F: People produce the superordinate or the subordinate names basic-level names faster than basic-level names

A

false; People produce the BASIC-LEVEL NAMES names faster than either the superordinate or the subordinate names

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a superordinate term (e.g., toy) is more likely than a basic-level term (e.g., doll) to activate part of the _____

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this part of the cortex processes language and associative memory

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

subordinate terms (e.g., rag doll) are more likely than basic-level terms (e.g., doll) to activate part of the _____ of the brain

A

parietal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The _____ is active when you perform a visual search

A

parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

argues that we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept; we then classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples

A

Exemplar Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

each examples stored in memory

A

Exemplar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: your concept of “dog” would include information about numerous examples of dogs you have known

A

Exemplar approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: your prototype of a dog would be an idealized representation of a dog, with average size for a dog and average other features—but not necessarily like any particular dog you’ve ever seen

A

Prototype approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: Categories are represented by a typical or ideal member

A

Prototype Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: This approach is efficient for categories with numerous members, as it provides a simplified representation

A

Prototype Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: categories are represented by a collection of specific instances

A

Exemplar Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: This approach is suitable for categories with relatively few members and emphasizes retaining specific information about individual instances

A

Exemplar Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

abstract representations derived from averaging the features of various category members

A

Prototypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

individual instances stored in memory, representing actual category members encountered in the past

A

Exemplars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: efficient for large categories as it relies on the abstracts and may skip specific detail information

A

The Prototype Approach

38
Q

Exemplar or Prototype Approach: efficient for smaller categories and may retain specific information

A

The Exemplar Approach

39
Q

these approaches focus on categorization

A

Prototype and Exemplar approaches

40
Q

these approaches are more concerned about the interconnections among related items

A

Network approaches

41
Q

Network-style organization of concepts in memory, with numerous interconnections

A

Network Models

42
Q
  • Represents each concept in a network model
  • One unit located within the network
A

Node

43
Q

Activation expands or spreads from the node to other connected nodes

A

Spreading Activation

44
Q

Developed the Classic Network Theory of Semantic Memory

A

Allan Collins & Elizabeth Loftus

45
Q

He and his colleagues have constructed a series of networks, ACT-R

A

John Anderson

46
Q

meaning of ACT-R

A

“Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational”

47
Q
  • This approach attempts to account for human performance on a wide variety of tasks
  • Attempts to explain all of cognition
  • Provides a way to explore assumptions and predictions about optimal human behavior
A

ACT-R

48
Q

Knowledge about facts or things

A

Declarative knowledge

49
Q
  • Can represent the meaning of a sentence
  • Pattern of interconnected proposition
A

Propositional Network

50
Q
  • Smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false
  • Abstract, do not represent a specific set of words
A

Proposition

51
Q

Through the _____, the sentences are represented by a _____

A

ACT-R Approach; propositional network

52
Q

Incorporates neuroscientific principles as a way of providing an account of how a network can come to possess knowledge about the world through learning

A

The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

53
Q

Approach to understanding the relationship between learning, neural processing, and cognition

A

The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

54
Q

Proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron-like units

A

The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

55
Q

Activations occur in several different locations

A

Distributed

56
Q

Activations take place simultaneously, rather than one another

A

Parallel

57
Q
  • Takes into account the physiological and structural properties of populations of human neurons
  • How neurons send signals to each other
A

Connectionism & Neural Networks

58
Q

Designers of the PDP approach, believe that earlier models of categorization were too restrictive

A

Timothy Rogers and James McClelland

59
Q

The _____ provides a more flexible account for the richness, flexibility, and subtlety of our knowledge

A

PDP approach

60
Q

4 General Characteristic of the PDP Approach

A
  • Parallel distributed processing
  • A network contains basic neuron-like units or nodes
  • Spreading activation
  • Situated cognition
61
Q

Considered all attributes simultaneously

A

Parallel search

62
Q

Using individual cases to draw inferences about general information

A

Spontaneous Generalization

63
Q

Fill in missing information about a particular person/object by making a best guess

A

Default Assignment

64
Q

if the connection weight is positive

A

Exciting

65
Q

if the connection weight is negative

A

Inhibiting

66
Q

You know which target you are seeking, but you cannot retrieve the actual target

A

Tip-of -the-tongue phenomenon

67
Q

Brain’s ability to provide partial memory

A

Graceful degradations

68
Q
  • a generalized, well-integrated knowledge about a situation, an event or a person
  • the basic building blocks for representing our thoughts about people
A

Schema

69
Q

_____ are helpful when psychologists explain how people process complex situations and events

A

Schema theories

70
Q

A simple, well-structured sequence of events that usually occur in a specified order

A

Script

71
Q

List of events that a person believes would be most important throughout his or her lifetime

A

Life Script

72
Q

Our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown

A

Boundary Extension

73
Q

Helene Intraub and her colleagues were the first to document this phenomenon

A

Boundary Extension Phenomenon

74
Q

Stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact word

A

Abstraction

75
Q

Simpler version of a classic study of Bransford and Franks

A

The Constructive Approach

76
Q

occurs when people “remember” an item that was not originally presented

A

False Alarm

77
Q

People integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas

A

Constructive Model of Memory

78
Q

Proposes that people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals

A

The Pragmatic Approach

79
Q

People know that they usually need to accurately recall the gist of a sentence

A

Pragmatic View of Memory

80
Q

T or F: Constructive approach and pragmatic approach to memory abstraction are compatible

A

true

81
Q

_____ can store both general prototypes and specific exemplar-based information

A

Semantic memory

82
Q

Our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion

A

Memory Integration

83
Q

argued that an individual’s unique interests and personal background often shape the contents of memory

A

Sir Frederick Bartlett

84
Q

Our _____ processes often shape our memory for complex material

A

top-down

85
Q

the beliefs and opinions that we associate with females and males

A

Gender Stereotypes

86
Q

Directly instructs participants to remember information

A

Explicit Memory Task

87
Q

Asks people to perform a cognitive task that does not directly ask for recall or recognition

A

Implicit Memory Task

88
Q

two different implicit memory tasks that show how gender stereotypes can influence people’s implicit memory

A
  • Neuroscience techniques
  • Implicit Association Test
89
Q

records tiny fluctuations in the brain’s electrical activity, in response to a stimulus

A

event-related potential (ERP) technique

90
Q

based on the principle that people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words

A

Implicit Association Test

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions