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PSY 4313 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a subdiscipline of experimental psychology

A

cognitive psychology

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2
Q

focused on investigating the mental processes that give rise to our perceptions and interpretations of the world around us

A

cognitive psychology

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3
Q

2 meanings of cognitive psychology

A
  • sometimes it is a synonym for the word cognition
  • sometimes i refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology, specifically, the cognitive approach
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4
Q

a theoretical orientation hat emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge

A

cognitive approach

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5
Q

what are the ABCs of cognitive psychology

A
  • affect
  • behavior
  • cognition
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6
Q

refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge

A

cognition

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7
Q
  • mental activity
  • most potent, powerful
  • the inner workings of the human mind
  • is inescapable
A

cognition

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8
Q

afford you the ability to plan, to create, to interact with others, and to process all of the thoughts, sensations, and emotions that you experience on a daily basis

A

cognitive processes

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9
Q
  • mental processes that accompany physiology
  • most difficult to manage
  • most basic: anger, fear, lust (all for survival)
A

affect

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10
Q
  • most important
  • can affect other people
A

behavior

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11
Q

you were thinking about your own thought processes

A

metacognition

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12
Q

why study cognitive psychology

A
  • to understand cognitive processes
  • to apply this knowledge to improve things
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13
Q
  • memory and trauma
  • cognitive behavior therapy
A

clinical psychology

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14
Q
  • stages of cognitive development
  • preparedness for learning
A

educational psychology

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15
Q
  • alzheimer’s disease
  • neurocognitive deterioration
A

geriatrics (care for the elderly)

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16
Q

memory and perception affecting social relations

A

social psychology

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17
Q

better management of your own thoughts, emotions, and behavior

A

self development

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18
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: humans acquire knowledge through experience and observation

A

aristotle

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19
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: can reasonably called the first cognitive psychologist

A

aristotle

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20
Q

scientific evidence obtained y careful observation and experimentation

A

empiricism/empirical evidence

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21
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: father of experimental psychology

A

wilhelm wundt

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22
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: founder of the first psychology laboratory in university of leipzig, germany, 1879

A

wilhelm wundt

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23
Q

a highly practiced form of self examination

A

introspection

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24
Q

systematically analyze their own sensation and report them as objectively as possible

A

introspection

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25
Q

the consciousness could be broken down to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole

A

reductionism

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26
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: pioneered the experimental study of memory

A

hermann ebbinghaus

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27
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: made use of nonsense syllables in his studies to remove association with regular word

A

hermann ebbinghaus

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28
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect

A

hermann ebbinghaus

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29
Q

how long it usually takes to forget

A

the forgetting curve

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30
Q

repeated exposure = higher retention

A

the spacing effect

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31
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: reported a memory phenomenon called recency effect

A

mary whiton calkins

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32
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: first woman to be the president of the APA

A

mary whiton calkins

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33
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: father of american psychology

A

william james

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34
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: known for his textbook principles of psychology (1890)

A

william james

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35
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: perception, attention, memory, understanding, reasoning, and tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

william james

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36
Q

mental activity is to be evaluated in terms of how it serves the organisms in adapting to its environment

A

functionalism

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37
Q

finding solutions to things

A

pragmatism

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38
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: behaviorism

A

john b. watson

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39
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: reductionism

A

wilhelm wundt

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40
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: structuralism

A

e.b. tichener

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41
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: functionalism

A

william james

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42
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: psychology must focus on objective, observable, measurable behavior, rather than subjective, unobservable phenomenon

A

behaviorism

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43
Q

a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

A

learning

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44
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: cognitive maps

A

edward c. tolman

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45
Q

behaviorists emphasized the importance of _____

A

operational definitions

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46
Q

precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured

A

operational definitions

47
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: the whole is the sum of its parts

A

gestalt psychology

48
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: gestalt psychology

A

max wertheimer, wolfgang kohler, kurt koffka

49
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: emphasized that organisms perceive entire patterns of configurations, not merely individual components

A

gestalt psychology

50
Q

gestalt principles of visual perception

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • figure-ground
  • continuity
  • closure
51
Q

abrupt realization to a problem’s solution

A

insight

52
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: one of the forerunners of cognitive psychology

A

frederic bartlett

53
Q

origins of cognitive psychology: conducted his research on human memory

A

frederic bartlett

54
Q

is considered one of the most influential books in the history of cognitive psychology

A

remembering: an experimental and social study

55
Q

t or f: people make systematic error when recalling stories

A

true

56
Q

we search for meaning; integrate information to be consistent with our personal experiences

A

schema theory

57
Q

refers to the growing support for the cognitive approach and the strong shift away from behaviorist approaches

A

cognitive revolution

58
Q

how internal processes (memory, attention, language) affect our ability to consciously perceive, interpret, and act in the world around us

A

cognitive perspective

59
Q

year/s that psychologists became disappointed with behaviorism as it became difficult to explain complex human behavior using only behaviorist concepts (observable stimuli, responses, and reinforcement)

A

late 1930s to 1940s

60
Q

year that research in human memory increased

A

late 1950s

61
Q

year wherein it was generally agreed that it was the birth year of cognitive psychology

A

1956

62
Q

shaped developmental psychology through his research on children’s thought processes

A

jean piaget

63
Q

emphasized the structure of language was too complex to be explained in behaviorist terms

A

noam chomsky

64
Q

argued that humans have the inborn ability to master all complicated and varied aspects of language

A

noam chomsky

65
Q

proponent of stages of cognitive development

A

jean piaget

66
Q

proponent of language acquisition device (LAD)

A

noam chomsky

67
Q

first to use the term cognitive psychology

A

ulric neisser

68
Q

father of cognitive psychology

A

ulric neisser

69
Q

published cognitive psychology, which serves as one of the first comprehensive treatments of cognitive processing and one of the most important factors contributing to the emergence of the field

A

ulric neisser

70
Q

t or f: all areas of psychology incorporate key principles from cognitive psychology in their models of human development and behavior

A

true

71
Q

criticisms of cognitive psychology

A

most researches conducted prior to the 1980s were conducted in artificial laboratory environments and used tasks different from daily cognitive activities making it low in ecological validity

72
Q

the conditions of the conducted research are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied

A

ecological validity

73
Q

year wherein the cognitive approach replaced the behaviorist approach; cognitive psychology has become an interdisciplinary pursuit

A

1970s

74
Q

an interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the mind

A

cognitive science

75
Q

requires us to manipulate our internal representations of the external world

A

thinking

76
Q

the goal of cognitive science

A

to understand the principles of intelligence with the hope that this will lead to better comprehension of the mind and of learning and to develop intelligent devices

77
Q

attempts to take human limitations to account

A

computer simulation or computer modeling

78
Q

goal of computer simulation or computer modeling

A

to program a computer to perform a cognitive task in the same way that humans actually perform this task

79
Q

t or f: computers can match humans’ sophistication in learning language, identifying objects in everyday senses, or solving problems creatively

A

false; computers CANNOT match

80
Q

machines are essentially collections of special-purpose mechanism, and that no single machine could incorporate the enormous number of special-purpose mechanisms that would be required for it to reproduce human-like behavior

A

rene descartes

81
Q

our cognitive processes work like a computer; computer and human minds are both examples of complex, multipurpose machinery

A

computer metaphor

82
Q

two parts of the computer model

A
  • structures (hardware = brain)
  • processes (software = mind)
83
Q

year where models of how information flows through

A

1960s

84
Q

this approach argued that:
- our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer
- information progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time

A

information-processing approach

85
Q

was considered to be serial in the classical approach

A

information processing

86
Q

during _____, the system must complete one step or processing stage before information can proceed to the next step in the flowchart

A

serial processing

87
Q

mean to serve as abstract flowcharts that captured what we knew at the time about people’s performance on cognitive tasks

A

classic information-processing models

88
Q

this argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like processing units

A

the connectionist approach

89
Q

two other names that are often used interchangeably with connectionism

A
  • parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach
  • neural-network approach
90
Q

year where there were development of techniques to explore the structure of the cerebral cortex

A

1970s

91
Q

the outer layer of the brain that is essential for your cognitive processes

A

cerebral cortex

92
Q

researchers who developed the connectionist approach proposed a model that simulates many important features of the brain based on what principle

A

the basic principles of neural transmission

93
Q

the basic model that the connectionist approach uses

A

the human brain

94
Q

combining the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structures and function of the brain

A

cognitive neuroscience

95
Q

refers to the damage of an area in the brain often caused by blunt force trauma to the head, strokes, tumors, and accidents

A

brain lesions

96
Q

when did research on lesions began

A

began in the 1860s but most major advances occurred after world war II

97
Q

t or f: cognitive deficiencies are difficult to differentiate

A

true

98
Q

researchers measure blood flow in the brain by injecting the participant with a low dose of a radioactive chemical just before this person works on a cognitive task

A

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

99
Q

measure brain activity indirectly

A

brain-imaging techniques

100
Q

require several seconds to produce data, so this method doesn’t provide useful info about the time course of processing a stimulus in the environment

A

PET scan

101
Q

disadvantage of PET scan

A

require several seconds to produce data, so this method doesn’t provide useful info about the time course of processing a stimulus in the environment

102
Q

based on the principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

103
Q

when was the fMRI technique developed

A

during the 1990s

104
Q

which is more precise: the fMRI or PET scan

A

fMRI because it provides a more detailed image of the brain and produces more robust illustrations of the parts of the brain that are involved in processing a stimulus

105
Q

PET scans and fMRI provide information about _____

A

location

106
Q

records the very brief fluctuations in the brain’s electrical activity, in response to a stimulus such as an auditory tone or a visual word

A

event-related potential (ERP) technique

107
Q

this technique cannot identify the response of a single neuron

A

the ERP technique

108
Q

disadvantage of the ERP technique

A

it cannot identify the response of a single neuron

109
Q

this technique can identify the electrical changes over a very brief period produced by populations of neurons in some regions of the brain

A

the ERP technique

110
Q

this technique provides a reasonably precise picture of changes in the brain’s electrical potential while people perform a cognitive task

A

the ERP technique

111
Q

this technique records magnetic field fluctuations produced by neural activity during the processing of stimuli presented to the participants

A

the magnetoencephalography (MEG) technique

112
Q

MEG or ERP: a participant is placed in an electromagnetically shielded room, and large numbers (up to 300) of magnetically sensitive sensors are placed on their scalp

A

MEG

113
Q

MEG or ERP: a stimulus is presented for some amount of time, and the physical properties of waveforms are continuously recorded from each sensor

A

ERP

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

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