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PSY 4313 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses

A

perception

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2
Q

perception combines what

A

bottom-up and top-down processing

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3
Q

the analysis of the physical properties of input occurring early after it makes contact with your sensory receptors

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

any guiding role that your stored knowledge plays in facilitating your ability to recognize an object

A

top-down processing

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5
Q

the actual object that is “out there” in the environment

A

distal stimulus

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6
Q

the information registered on your sensory receptors

A

proximal stimulus

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7
Q
  • covers the inside back portion of your eye
  • contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world.
A

retina

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8
Q

a large-capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy

A

sensory memory

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9
Q

assists the Visual System so, when we recognize an object, we manage to figure out the identity of the distal stimulus, even when the information available in the proximal stimulus is far from perfect

A

sensory memory

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10
Q

depends primarily on shape, rather than on color or texture

A

object recognition

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11
Q

preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

A

iconic memory/visual sensory memory

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12
Q

located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli.

A

primary visual cortex

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13
Q

also the first place where info from your two eyes is combined

A

primary visual cortex

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14
Q

time wherein visual information can travel from your retina to your primary visual cortex

A

50-80 milliseconds

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15
Q

basic tendency of humans to organize what they see through patterns rather than random arrangements

A

gestalt psychology

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16
Q

distinct shape with clearly defined edges

A

figure

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17
Q

leftover region forming the background

A

ground

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18
Q

figure and the ground reverse from time to time; figure becomes the ground then become figure again

A

ambiguous figure-ground relationship

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19
Q

two components of the ambiguous figure-ground relationship

A
  • neurons in the visual cortex became adapted
  • humans try to solve the visual paradox through alternating two reasonable solutions
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20
Q

also called as subjective contours

A

illusory contours

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21
Q
  • people see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus
  • perceive scenes through “filling in the blanks”
  • often leads to perceptual error
A

illusory contours

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22
Q

specific patterns that were stored in memory (schema)

A

templates

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23
Q

flexible approach in which a visual stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics or components

A

feature-analysis theory

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24
Q

each visual characteristics

A

distinctive feature

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25
Q

specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes

A

recognition by components theory

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26
Q

arrangement of 3D shapes

A

geons

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27
Q

developed a theory to explain how humans recognize three dimensional shapes

A

irving biederman

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28
Q

store a small number of views of 3D objects rather than just one view

A

viewer-centered approach

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29
Q

emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object

A

bottom-up processing

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30
Q

emphasizes how a person’s concepts, expectations, and memory can influence object recognition

A

top-down processing

31
Q

information starts with the most basic (or bottom) level of perception, and it works its way up until it reaches the more “sophisticated” cognitive regions of the brain, beyond your primary visual cortex

A

bottom-up processing

32
Q

the second process in object recognition after bottom-up processing

A

top-down processing

33
Q

help you recognize objects
very rapidly

A

expectations

34
Q

is strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous

A

top-down processing

35
Q

t or f: we can still manage to read a sentence, even if some of the middle letters in a word have been rearranged

A

true

36
Q

we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters

A

word superiority effect

37
Q

this processing in letter recognition is important

A

top-down processing

38
Q

what happens when you read a note with bad handwriting?

A

we are more likely to rely on top-down processing

39
Q
  • overusing the strategy of top-down processing
  • our cognitive error can be often traced to a rational energy
A

smart mistakes

40
Q

we fail to detect a change in an object or a scene

A

change blindness

41
Q

this processing encourages us to assume that the basic meaning of the scene will remain stable

A

top-down processing

42
Q

we fail to notice the change of the voice of the speaker in the middle of a telephone conversation

A

change deafness

43
Q

we fail to notice that a new object has appeared

A

inattentional blindness

44
Q

when are we likely to experience inattentional blindness

A

when the primary task is cognitively demanding

45
Q

this has been proposed for recognizing faces, particular locations, spatial layouts, and visual words

A

specialized recognition processes

46
Q

recognize faces in terms of their overall shape and structure

A

holistic (recognition)

47
Q

recognize faces in terms of overall quality that transcends its individual elements

A

gestalt

48
Q

condition wherein people cannot recognize human faces, though they perceive other objects relatively usual

A

prosopagnosia

49
Q

location most responsible for face recognition

A

temporal cortex

50
Q

specific location that some think to be specialized for face recognition

A

fusiform face area

51
Q

is more activated when an individual is exposed to image of faces

A

fusiform face

52
Q

exists in the lower portion of the temporal cortex

A

fusiform face area

53
Q

t or f: fusiform face area may not be designed to process only information about faces

A

true

54
Q

a phenomenon where people are much more accurate in identifying upright faces than upside-down ones

A

face inversion effect

55
Q
  • they do not show emotions, may have hallucinations, and perform poorly on many cognitive tasks
  • have difficulty in perceiving faces and facial expressions
A

people with schizophrenia

56
Q

happens with the help of the auditory system

A

speech perception

57
Q

what happens during speech perception

A

we use our cognitive load to distinguish a word’s sound patterns from thousands of irrelevant words stored in our memory

58
Q

basic unit of language spoken

A

phoneme

59
Q

characteristics of speech perception

A
  • word boundaries
  • variability in phoneme pronunciation
  • context and speech perception
  • visual cues as an aid to speech perception
60
Q

describes the challenge of identifying word boundaries in spoken language

A

word boundaries

61
Q

explores the challenges of perceiving phonemes, given the variability in pitch and tone among speakers

A

variability in phoneme pronunciation

62
Q

refers to the observation that different speakers of the same language produce the same sound differently

A

interspeaker variability

63
Q

emphasizes the active role of listeners, using context as a cue to understand sounds or words

A

context and speech perception

64
Q

filling in a missing phoneme using context clues

A

phonemic restoration

65
Q

integration of visual cues with auditory cues in speech perception

A

visual cues as an aid to speech perception

66
Q

visual information influences speech perception, leading to a compromise between conflicting visual and auditory inputs

A

mcgurk effect

67
Q

region responsible for the mcgurk effect

A

superior temporal sulcus in the cerebral cortex

68
Q

theories of speech perception

A
  • the special mechanism approach
  • the general mechanism approach
69
Q

also known as speech-is-special approach

A

the special mechanism approach

70
Q

humans have a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli

A

the special mechanism approach

71
Q

are reputed to enhance the accurate perception of ambiguous phonemes and aid in segmenting the auditory stream for a clearer perception of phonemes and words

A

phonetic modules

72
Q

the evidence favoring the phonetic module

A

categorical perception

73
Q

indicates that categorical perception is not exclusive to speech sounds but extends to certain complex nonspeech sounds

A

categorical perception

74
Q

says that speech perception does not need any special phonetic module

A

the general mechanism approach

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

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