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PSY 4313 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

You rely on knowledge stored in memory to interpret the environmental stimuli registered by your senses

A

perception

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2
Q

Requires both bottom-up and top-down processing

A

perception

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3
Q

the processes that give rise to your ability to create mental images are _____

A

exclusively top-down in nature

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4
Q

Also called imagery

A

mental imagery

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5
Q

Imagery is _____driven

A

knowledge

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6
Q

Refers to the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present in the environment

A

mental imagery

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7
Q

imagery is also important in what psychology field

A

clinical psychology

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8
Q

extremely important in the STEM disciplines

A

Spatial ability

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9
Q

he reported that his own thinking processes typically used spatial images, instead of verbal descriptions

A

Albert Einstein

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10
Q

T or F: imagery and perception are identical

A

false; Although imagery and perception share many characteristics, they are not identical

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11
Q

Considered imagery to be an important part of the discipline

A

Wundt and other early psychologists

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12
Q

Strongly opposed research on mental imagery because it could not be connected to observable behavior

A

behaviorists such as John Watson

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13
Q

T or F: people make judgments more quickly if they need to rotate a mental image just a short distance

A

true

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14
Q

Asked participants to look at pictures of a human hand and to identify whether they were viewing a left hand or a right hand

A

Kotaro Takeda

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15
Q

right-handers or left-handers: recognized a right hand faster than a left hand

A

right-handers

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16
Q

right-handers or left-handers: recognized right and left hands equally quickly

A

left-handers

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17
Q

right-handers or left-handers: recognized upright pictures faster—and more accurately—than upside-down pictures

A

both

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18
Q

they perform more slowly than younger people on a mental-rotation task

A

elderly people

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19
Q

especially skilled in looking at an arrangement of objects in a scene and mentally rotating that scene by 180 degrees

A

Deaf individuals

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20
Q

Why do deaf people perform so well on mental rotation tasks?

A

they have had extensive experience in watching a narrator produce a sign then, they must mentally rotate this sign 180 degrees. They need to perform this rotation frequently, so they can match the perspective that they would use when producing this sign

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21
Q

Showed no activity in the primary motor cortex

A

participants who had originally watched the electric motor as it rotated the figure

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22
Q

showed activity in the primary motor cortex

A

Participants who had rotated the original geometric figure with their hands

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23
Q

what lobes were activated when people were asked to rotate the figures

A

right frontal lobes and parietal lobes

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24
Q

what lobes were activated when people were asked to imagine rotating the figures

A

increased activity in the left temporal lobe, as well as in a part of the motor cortex

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25
Q

The research on mental rotation has practical implications for people who are _____

A

recovering from a stroke

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26
Q

Do our mental images resemble perception (using an analog code), or do they resemble language (using a propositional code)?

A

imagery debate

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27
Q

what code is perception

A

analog code

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28
Q

what code is language

A

propositional code

29
Q

a representation that closely resembles the physical object

A

analog code

30
Q

The majority of theorists believe that information about a mental image is stored in a/an _____

A

analog code

31
Q

an abstract, language-like representation

A

propositional code

32
Q

According to this approach, mental imagery and language are close relatives

A

propositional code

33
Q

storage is neither visual or spatial, and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus

A

propositional code

34
Q

neuroimaging research shows that the _____ is activated when people work on tasks that require detailed visual imagery

A

primary visual cortex

35
Q

the inability to recognize human faces visually

A

Prosopagnosia

36
Q

Asked participants to make judgments about the angle formed by the two hands on an imaginary clock

A

Allan Paivio

37
Q

_____ made decisions much more quickly

A

high-imagery participants

38
Q

Cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant

A

Demand characteristics

39
Q

People can see a visual target more accurately if the target is presented with _____ lines on each side of this target, producing a _____

A

vertical; masking effect

40
Q

T or F: Visual imagery can indeed resemble visual perception

A

true

40
Q

A statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic

A

Meta-analysis

41
Q

Used to summarize all appropriate studies on gender comparisons in verbal ability

A

Meta-analysis

42
Q

Wrote an important article that summarized numerous meta-analyses on cognitive gender comparisons

A

Janet Hyde

43
Q

our mental representation of sounds when these sounds are not physically present

A

Auditory imagery

44
Q

A characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high

A

Pitch

45
Q

who conducted one of the classic studies on pitch

A

Margaret J. Intons-Peterson

46
Q

Was one of the creators of the important Brown/Peterson & Peterson technique for assessing short-term memory

A

Margaret J. Intons-Peterson

47
Q

the amount of seconds needed to travel a relatively short auditory distance

A

4 seconds

48
Q

the amount of seconds needed to travel a relatively long auditory distance

A

6 seconds

49
Q

T or F: the distance between the two actual tones is indeed correlated with the distance between the two imagined tones

A

true

50
Q

Sound quality of a tone

A

Timbre

51
Q

focus on the way we represent geographic space

A

Cognitive maps

52
Q

a mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us

A

Cognitive maps

53
Q

how do we create a cognitive map

A

by integrating the information that we have acquired from many successive views

54
Q

People who are good at _____ are more skilled than others in using maps to find a particular location

A

mental rotation

55
Q

a general problem-solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution

A

heuristic

56
Q

People often use _____ in making judgments about cognitive maps

A

heuristics

57
Q

Primarily refers to three cognitive activities:
- Thoughts about cognitive maps
- How we remember the world we navigate
- How we keep track of objects in a spatial array

A

Spatial cognition

58
Q

people estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographic border, compared to two locations on the same side of that border

A

border bias

59
Q

the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark rather than a non-landmark

A

landmark effect

60
Q

defined as an important geographical location

A

Landmark

61
Q

A figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is

A

The Rotation Heuristic

62
Q

A series of separate geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are

A

The Alignment Heuristic

63
Q

requires rotating a single coastline, country, building, or other figure in a clockwise or counterclockwise fashion so that its border is oriented in a nearly vertical or a nearly horizontal direction

A

The Rotation Heuristic

64
Q

requires lining up several separate countries, buildings, or other figures in a straight row

A

The Alignment Heuristic

65
Q

according to the spatial framework model, this spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking

A

Above-below spatial dimension (Vertical dimension)

66
Q

according to the spatial framework model, this spatial dimension is moderately important in our thinking

A

Front-back spatial dimension

67
Q

according to the spatial framework model, this spatial dimension is the least important in our thinking

A

Right-left spatial dimension

68
Q

We make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation

A

The Situated Cognition Approach

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

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