Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 4313 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of information available from both your sensory world and your memory

A

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

t or f: your attentional systems allows you to filter our information that is not useful or important

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tasks that you try to pay attention to two or more simultaneous messages, responding appropriately to each message

A

divided-attention task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

you try to accomplish two or more tasks at the same time

A

multitask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

t or f: you’ll typically perform faster and more accurately if you work on one task at a time

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ is closely related to multitasking

A

task switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

task that requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of information while ignoring other ongoing information

A

selective-attention task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

simplifies our lives

A

selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

three different kinds of selective-attention tasks

A
  • dichotic listening
  • the stroop effect
  • visual search
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

it is studied by asking people to wear earphones; one message is presented to the left ear, and a different message is presented to the right ear

A

dichotic listening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

they listen to that message and repeat it after the speaker

A

shadow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if the listener makes mistakes in shadowing, then _____

A

the research knows that the listener is not paying appropriate attention to that specified message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

t or f: in general, people can process only one message at a time

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when you are paying close attention to one conversation and notice that your name was mentioned in a nearby conversation

A

cocktail party effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the brief, immediate memory for material that we are currently processing

A

working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

could explain why some people hear their name but others do not

A

capacity of working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

students with a high working-memory capacity

A

noticed their name only 20% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

students with a low working-memory capacity

A

noticed their name 65% of the time on the same dichotic-listening task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

t or f: people with a high working-memory capacity could have difficulty blocking out the irrelevant information such as their name

A

false; people with a relatively LOW working-memory capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

people take a long time to name the ink color when that color is used in printing an incongruent word

A

the stroop effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in a typical study, people may require _____ to name the ink color of 100 words that are incongruent names

A

100 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

they require only about _____ to name the ink colors for 100 colored patches

A

60 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the stroop effect demonstrates what kind of attention

A

selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

people are instructed to name the ink color of words that could have strong emotional significance to them

A

emotional stroop task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

an excessive fear of a specific object

A

phobic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

people with _____ are hyper-alert to words related to their phobia, and they show an attentional bias to the meaning of these stimuli

A

phobic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated re-experiencing (through nightmares, flashbacks, etc.) of an extremely traumatic event

A

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

used in research on eating disorders and on the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans

A

emotional stroop task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

a situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or some features

A

attentional bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

psychological problems arise from inappropriate thinking (cognitive factors) and inappropriate learning (behavioral factors)

A

cognitive-behavioral approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the observer must find a target in visual display that has numerous distractors

A

visual search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

two stimulus variables of the visual search

A
  • whether we are searching for a single, isolated feature or a combined set of features
  • whether we are searching for a target in which is a particular feature is present or a target in which this feature is absent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

based on a classic research by Treisman and Gelade (1980)

A

the isolated-feature/combined-feature effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

if the target differed from the irrelevant items in the display with respect to a simple feature such as color, observers could quickly detect the target

A

the isolated-feature/combined-feature effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

t or f: people can typically locate a combined feature more quickly than an isolated feature

A

false; people can typically locate an ISOLATED FEATURE more quickly than a combined feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

our cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information

A

the feature-present/feature-absent effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a feature that is present

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a feature that is missing

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the research of Treisman and Souther (1985)

A

the feature-present/feature-absent effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

t or f: the search is rapid when we are looking for a particular feature that was present

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

an example of the feature-present/feature-absent effect that was discovered by Royden and her coauthors

A

it is easier to spot a movement-present object than a movement-absent object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

provide important information about the way our minds operate when we perform cognitive tasks

A

eye movement

43
Q

extremely rapid movement of the eyes from one spot to the next

A

saccadic eye movement

44
Q

has better acuity than other retinal regions

A

fovea

45
Q

purpose of saccadic eye movement

A

to bring the center of your retina into position over the words you want to read

46
Q

saccades

A

saccadic eye movement

47
Q

the period between two saccades

A

fixation

48
Q

wherein the visual system pauses briefly to acquire useful information for comprehending the written text

A

fixation

49
Q

what influences the duration of a fixation

A

many physical and linguistic factors of the text

50
Q

duration of fixation in English typically ranges from _____

A

200-250 milliseconds

51
Q

refers to the number of letters and spaces that we perceive during a fixation

A

perceptual span

52
Q

readers can access information about upcoming words despite their fixation on a word to the left

A

parafoveal view

53
Q

people make between _____ saccadic movements per day

A

150,000-200,000

54
Q

one of the most complex behaviors that humans can perform

A

reading

55
Q

involves coordination of visual, linguistic, oculomotor, and attentional systems

A

reading

56
Q

moving the eyes backward to earlier material in a sentence and is often made when people do not understand the passage they are reading

A

regressions

57
Q

t or f: when people are sure of the identity of an upcoming word, there is a much higher probability that they will fixate on it

A

false; there is a much higher probability that they will SKIP it

58
Q

t or f: if a highly predictable word is not skipped, fixation is short

A

true

59
Q

responsible for the kind of attention essential for visual search in which you shift your attention around to various spatial locations

A

the orienting attention network

60
Q

where is the two important components of the orienting attention network located

A

parietal lobe

61
Q

were helpful to identify the parietal cortex as the region that we use in visual searches

A

brain lesions

62
Q

when a person ignores a part of his/her visual field

A

unilateral spatial neglect

63
Q

people who have brain damage in the parietal region of the _____ have trouble noticing a visual stimulus that is located on the left side of their visual field

A

right hemisphere

64
Q

people who have brain damage in the parietal region of the _____ have trouble noticing a visual stimulus that is located on the right side of their visual field

A

left hemisphere

65
Q

the orienting network develops during the _____ of life

A

first year

66
Q

responsible for the kind of attention we use when a task focuses on conflict

ex: the stroop effect

A

the executive attention network

67
Q

inhibits your automatic responses to stimuli

A

the executive attention network

68
Q

the region where the executive attention network is especially active

A

prefrontal portion of the cortex

69
Q

this network starts to develop at the age of 3

A

the executive attention network

70
Q

the most influential contemporary explanation of attention

A

Anne Treisman’s feature-integration theory

71
Q

the first approaches to attention emphasized that people are _____ in the amount of information that they can process at any given time

A

extremely limited

72
Q

proposed a similar narrow passageway in human information processing

A

bottleneck theories

73
Q

limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention

A

the bottleneck

74
Q

theories that were rejected because they underestimate the flexibility of human attention

A

bottleneck theories

75
Q

t or f: information is lost throughout many phases of attention, from the beginning through later processing

A

true

76
Q

theory of attention and perceptual processing developed by Anne Treisman

A

feature-integration theory

77
Q

Treisman suggested that distributed attention and focused attention form a _____, rather than two distinctive categories

A

continuum

78
Q

two kinds of processing of the feature-integration theory

A
  • distributed attention
  • focused attention
79
Q

distributed or focused attention: allows you to register features automatically

A

distributed attention

80
Q

distributed or focused attention: you use parallel processing across the field, and you register all the features simultaneously

A

distributed attention

81
Q

distributed or focused attention: a relatively low-level kind of processing

A

distributed attention

82
Q

distributed or focused attention: requires slower serial processing

A

focused attention

83
Q

distributed or focused attention: you identify one object at a time

A

focused attention

84
Q

distributed or focused attention: more demanding kind of processing is necessary when the objects are more complex

A

focused attention

85
Q

distributed or focused attention: identifies which features belong together

A

focused attention

86
Q

distributed attention; _____ :: _____; combinations of features

A

isolated features :: focused attention

87
Q

an inappropriate combination of features, perhaps combining one object’s shape with a nearby object’s color

A

illusory conjunction

88
Q

sometimes formed when we are overwhelmed with too many simultaneous visual tasks

A

illusory conjunction

89
Q

When we cannot use _____, we sometimes form illusory conjunctions that are consistent with our expectations

A

focused attention

90
Q

your visual system does not represent the important features of an object as a unified whole

A

binding problem

91
Q

focused attention allows this to operate

A

binding problem

92
Q

helps us screen out inappropriate combinations

A

top-down processing

93
Q

t or f: it was found that distributed attention can occasionally resemble focused attention

A

true

94
Q

the awareness that people have about the outside world and about their perceptions, images, thoughts, memories, and feelings

A

consciousness

95
Q

associated with the kind of controlled, focused attention that is not automatic

A

consciousness

96
Q

cognitive psychologists have been especially interested in three interrelated issues concerned with consciousness

A
  • our inability to bring certain thoughts into consciousness
  • our inability to let certain thoughts escape from consciousness
  • blindsight
97
Q

when your eyes move forward, but you do not process the meaning of the material

A

mindless reading

98
Q

occurs when your thoughts shift from the external environment in favor of internal processing

A

mind wandering

99
Q

when we try to eliminate the thoughts, ideas, and images that are related to an undesirable stimulus

A

thought suppression

100
Q

how our efforts can backfire when we attempt to control the contents of our consciousness

A

ironic effects of mental control

101
Q

t or f: initial suppression of specific thoughts can produce a rebound effect

A

true

102
Q

a condition in which an individual with a damaged visual cortex claims not to see an object; however, he or she can accurately report some characteristics of that object, such as its location

A

blindsight

103
Q

most of the information that is registered on the retina travels to the _____

A

visual cortex

104
Q

blindsight suggests that visual information must pass through the _____ in order to be registered in consciousness

A

primary visual cortex

PSY 4313 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions