Chapter 8

Question 1

Holocene

Answer 1

-Long term climate change
* - adaptations to new environments
* - shifts in subsistence to small mammals
and plant foods
* - some intensification of foods - - -
led to sedentary lifeway

vast array of plants and animals available for exploitation

use of microlithic backed blades

Question 2

Banpo

Answer 2

one of the most important archaeological sites yielding remains of the Painted Pottery, or Yangshao, culture of late Neolithic China.

Question 3

Tehuacan Valley

Answer 3

The Tehuacan Valley - dry highland valley in Mexico
* Earliest evidence of domesticated maize by 7,000 BP
* Better evidence for maize, beans, squash 5,500 BP

12 human skeletons - general diet

Question 4

Mesolithic subsistence patterns

Answer 4

Plant and large animal food and clothing. Hazelnut shells, pike, wild apple

Question 5

Sedentism

Answer 5

Sedentism - Sedentism: A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years.

Question 6

Archaic

Answer 6

The Archaic begins at the end of the Pleistocene and represents a period of cultural adaptation to the new, postglacial environment by Native Americans.

Question 7

Paleo-Archaic tradition -

Answer 7

Paleo-Archaic tradition - Paleo-Arctic Tradition: Stone-tool tradition in the Arctic, dating to the period before 10,000 years ago. The technology involved the production of microblades detached from wedge-shaped cores.

Question 8

Lake Forest Archaic -

Answer 8

Lake Forest Archaic - archaic culture of Eastern North America, centered but not restricted to Great Lakes

Question 9

Maritime Archaic -

Answer 9

Maritime Archaic - Maritime Archaic: Archaic period culture of northeast North America. Centered along the coast of northern New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces.

Question 10

Forest Archaic -

Answer 10

Forest Archaic - Mast Forest Archaic: Archaic period culture of northeastern North America. Centered in central New England, Mast Forest sites reflect a subsistence focus on the interior forest of New England.

Question 11

artificial selection -

Answer 11

artificial selection - artificial selection: The selection for breeding by human beings of particular individuals within a plant or animal species which possess characteristics that are advantageous for those human beings.

Question 12

Domestication

Answer 12

Domestication - altered to become advantageous to humans

Question 13

Fertile Crescent

Answer 13

The Fertile Crescent is where we see the earliest evidence of domestication.

• It is shown as the red crescent shape on the map, and includes parts of:
  Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordon, Syria, Turkey…Foothills of the Zagros mountains.
• At the end of the ice age, this region was perfect for the wild forms of wheat
  and barley: the soil was right PH, temperature was right, moisture was right.

Question 14

complex foraging

Answer 14

a system of hunting animals and gathering wild plants focus on highly productive resources

Question 15

Natufian Culture

Answer 15

Natufian Culture
* complex foragers - subsistence focused on a
few rich resources
* -collected intensively and stored food
* -more sedentary lifeway
* -population density increases

Question 16

Neolithic

Answer 16

Neolithic - the new stone age
* revolution :
shift from foraging to farming
* *for more than 99% of
human prehistory people
relied exclusively on wild
foods…
Artificial Selection

Question 17

Legume

Answer 17

All legumes produce fruits which grow in the form of a pod that splits along its seams when mature and opens to reveal the seeds.

Question 18

Artificial Selection

Answer 18

Artificial Selection
- directed evolution of a new species
possessing characteristics deemed
beneficial to human beings.

Question 19

Emmer -

Answer 19

Emmer - Emmer: A variety of wheat: Tripsicum turgidum. Emmer wheat was soon established as the primary stock of early agricultural wheat.

Question 20

Peiligang -

Answer 20

Peiligang - Peiligang: Earliest Neolithic culture in north China with well-established farming villages dating to 8,500 to 7,000 years ago.

Question 21

Yang-shao

Answer 21

Yang-shao - Yang-Shao: Early Neolithic culture of China. Dating to about 7,000 B.P., subsistence was based on the cultivation of foxtail millet.

Question 22

animal domestication

Answer 22

animal domestication - New World species successfully domesticated - guinea pigs, turkey, dog, Muscovy Duck

Question 23

Jomon

Answer 23

Jomon - Jomon: Ancient Japanese culture dating from 13,000 years ago. The Jomon people were foragers, relying on hunting wild animals, gathering wild plants, and, especially, collecting food from the sea.

Question 24

Phytoliths -.

Answer 24

Phytoliths - Phytoliths: Microscopic, inorganic particles produced by plants.

Question 25

Neolithic in Europe

Answer 25

einkorn, barley, bean, vetch, and lentils,

domesticated cattle

Question 26

Maize

Answer 26

domesticated tiosente kernel