Chapter 5

Question 1

premodern/archaic Homo sapiens (where and when did they live?)

Answer 1

Lived in arctic Pleistocene (ice Age) Europe and W Asia - 600,000

Question 2

premodern cultural evidence

Answer 2

Australopithecus Afarensis
First Family Site - 13 individuals

Sima de los Huesos - Cave of the Bones 6500 bon/fragments of 28 people 17 crania

Question 3

Neandertals
early reconstruction of Neandertal (what did we use to think about Neandertal appearance? How has that changed?)

Answer 3

big dumb hairy ape like violent cavemen,

Question 4

premodern homo sapiens:

Answer 4

extinct sub-species of humanity that share much in common with modern or anatomically modern homo sapiens but who commonly retain primitive skeletal features and possess a somewhat smaller mean cranial capacity than modern people

Question 5

Levallois tools

Answer 5

Stone-tool technology involving the production of consistently shaped flakes from carefully prepared cores. - stone flakes created from a stone core that were refined into tools for specific tasks, were made of predetermined and consistent size and form, careful preparation of stone core for patterned and predictable flake removal, allowed for finer control of flake removal, greater amount of sharp usable edge, 4 or 5 consistent shaped flakes removed from a single core

Question 6

Mousterian tools

Answer 6

The stone-tool tradition of the Neandertals and early anatomically modern human beings. -
smaller more precisely made than levallois,

producing flakes whose size and shape patched more precisely the form

63 specific tool types cutting

Question 7

Ethnoarchaeology

Answer 7

The archaeological study of a living group of people. Often focuses on the processes by which human behavior becomes translated into the archaeological record.

Question 8

Neandertal culture and anatomy

Question 9

Tool technologies

Answer 9

Oldowan/Acheulean/Mousterian/levallois /

Question 10

Oldowan tools

Answer 10

Simple chopping tools and sharp flakes, Oldowan tools date to about 2.4 million years ago. These tools were probably made by Homo habilis.

Question 11

Achuelean

Answer 11

French industry of stone tool manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear-shaped “hand axes” associated with Homo erectus

Question 12

Did Neandertals hunt? What is the evidence?

Answer 12

Neanderthals were consummate hunters of medium and large-sized mammals.

Mousterian points from several sites in western Europe (La Cotte de St. Brelade, Bouheben, Oscurusciuto, and Abric del Pastor)

bearing impact scars too These stone-tipped spears at close-range for thrusting,

Nitrogen and carbon isotope studies also support a Neanderthal diet focused on meat.

Question 13

Shanidar Cave (what was found there?)

Answer 13

world-famous, iconic site in Palaeolithic archaeology ever since the discovery of the remains of ten Neanderthal men, women and children by Ralph Solecki’s 1951-1960 excavations.In Iraq

Question 14

What do we now know about the genetics of Neandertals?

Answer 14

DNA analysis tells us that modern humans and Neanderthals interbred frequently, and one result of that is that there is Neanderthal DNA in parts of our immune system, HLAs make the cells that attack viruses and bacteria, they also reduce the risk of contracting Epstein–Barr virus

Question 15

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens (how far back in time do they date?)

Answer 15

200,000 -300,000 years ago

Question 16

Denisovans

Answer 16

archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic.

Denisovan skulls were wider than both humans and Neanderthals, for example.