Chapter 8 Flashcards by Arven Malubay

is a written document covering a specific period of time , that contains the organization/ agency’s
vision, mission, goals, program thrusts, projects, approaches and strategies, policies and rules, structures,
linkages, manpower and funding requirements

Plan

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is guided by a deep-seated belief or statement of philosophy that guides the
organization

Plan

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presents the directions and the specific targets in a particular period of time that a
group must do which are the bases for allocation and approval of funding requirements.

Plan

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is made operational by breaking it into programs or popularly called program thrusts
of an agency, organization, or local government units.

Program

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a program
is a package of interrelated projects to meet certain socio-economic goals. He also mentioned that
programmes and projects are solutions to specific problems and needs.

Mercado (1997)

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a program is composed of a cluster of projects to be undertaken which when
combined together will accomplish a broader predefined goal

Ruiz (1998)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMS / PROJECTS IN
EXTENSION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Programs/ projects are influenced by political leaders vision and mission
Programs are influenced by the priorities of the assisting organization/ agency
Programs requires multi-agency cooperation
Programs although funded by external agencies, require LGU leadership and supervision
Programs need participatory strategies from planning, implementing up to evaluation

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A project is composed of
interrelated activities performed in order to accomplish predetermined objectives

Ruiz,1988.

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a program is composed of interrelated projects

Project

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Programs have direct effects on productivity, efficiency, improved product quality and greater revenue

Eala et al 1986

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Programs / projects are interventions to solve people’s need and problems

Mercado, 1997

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defined as a process that starts
from situation analysis up to the appraisal of program accomplishment. It is composed
of seven distinct processes or stages wherein each stage is a process by itself. These
are situation analysis, organization for planning, program planning process, planned
program, plan of work, execution and appraisal of accomplishment

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

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Programs are categorized according to Local Government Code

1991

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Defined as an activity of carefully and critically examining in
detail the conditions, nature/trends and quality of an area. These includes human,
physical/natural and institutional resources

SITUATION ANALYSIS

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Good and effective planners posses commitment, honesty, trust, credibility,
innovativeness, community interests, service, transparency and concern for total
human development of their constituents or target clientele

ORGANIZATION FOR PLANNING

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Planning is basically a decision-making process. It is deciding in advance what to do,
when to do it, how to do it, who will do it, and how much is needed.

PROGRAM PLANNING PROCESS

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IN EXTENSION PROGRAM PLANNING, THE STEPS ARE :

A. identifying target are and people
B. Resource assessment
C. Problem identification and prioritization
D. Objective formulation
E. Actions to be undertaken (program, projects, activities )
F. Strategies of implementations
G. Identifying people to be involved
H. Duration
I. Estimating budget needed and source

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The output or product of planning is an agency/
organizational or a community development plan. The plan must be written for
approval by legal bodies for funding and submission to higher authorities. There are
specific formats of a development plan.

PLANNED PROGRAM

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The development plan composed of several programs and projects
when written is very general. In order to make it operational and ready for
implementation. A detailed work plan must be prepared to guide planners and
implementers on what to do

PLAN OF WORK

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This is the stage of putting plans into actions or reality

EXECUTION OF WORK PLAN

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This is basic in all plans, programs and projects.
Plans appear to be implemented and evaluated when the project is going on and at
project completion.

APPRAISAL OF ACCOMPLISHMENT

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Plans guide implementers on what to do, who will do it, when to do it, how much
funds are needed

REASONS FOR PLANNING

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Programs and projects in extension and
rural development are based on existing problems and needs affecting a great number of
people. There is a need to perform problem analysis in order to identify causes of core
problems which need priority attention. The people must be able to participate in
prioritizing the program/ project that will answer recognized problems and needs

PROBLEMS AND NEEDS-BASED PROGRAMS

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are the resources need in the project available

RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

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TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY

* Global competitiveness * Economic viability * Socially acceptability * Technical soundness * Environment friendly * Political support

Programs/ projects require initial investments as well as operating expenses. The funds needed are primary considerations in selecting the project. This is the reason why some communities implement small and not so relevant projects due to inadequate funds.

FUNDING REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES

There are various ways of solving problems, what are needed are the desire, commitment and determination to solve the problems.

COMMITTED, INNOVATIVE AND AGGRESSIVE PLANNERS

Programs can be implemented best if there is a partnership between and among stakeholders like government leaders, private sectors, researchers, input suppliers, buyers and producers. Mutual and sincere linkages must be established in a business-like manner

LINKAGES AND PARTNERSHIP

Program planning requires cooperation from various sectors and strong coordination in order to avoid duplication of efforts/ projects and attain efficiency in the use of scarce resource

COORDINATION AND COOPERATION

All programs must contribute to the development of people first and foremost. This is the primary and ultimate consideration.

PEOPLE FIRST

Projects must be sustained, this means continuity and viability of projects for a long time and with minimum destruction on the environment

PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY

SMARTEST

S-pecific M-easurable A-chievable R-ealistic T-ime Bound E-ncouraging S-atisfying T-ransforming

A group of people developing a plan is addressing a specific area and people. The planners in many cases know the people who will benefit from the program as well as the people who will implement the program and who will finance the program. As plan is directed for a group of people whether it is economic, social, cultural, political and environmental program/ projects

IDENTIFYING TARGET AREA AND PEOPLE

The planners must believe that programs in extension are developed to find solutions to recognize problems. The program is the answer to the need or desired situation/ condition that the people and the community as a whole would like to achieve.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION

After identifying the people and target area; the planners have t o look at the resources of the community. These resources can be categorized as human, physical/ natural and situational resources.

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT -

The planners can use the following criteria

A. Number of people affected B. Effect of the problem C. Extent of damage D. Fund requirement E. Capability of people involved- implementers and workers F. Environment safety G. Peace and order

- Based on the problems identified, analyzed and prioritized, the planners are now ready to formulate general and specific statements of objectives. Once the core problem is identified, the general objective can already be made

OBJECTIVE FORMULATION

Actions to arrest the identified problems can be in the form of programs, projects, activities-policies barangay/municipality/ city ordinances. Program planners need to decide whether it is a program, a project or an activity.

ACTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN

Strategies refer to the primary step by step activities that should be done to implement the project. Specific work plan will be prepared to put the activities in action. The approaches to be used will be planned, monitored and evaluated and may vary from project to project depending on the people to be involved.

STRATEGIES IN IMPLEMENTATIONS

This presents the date of project implementation considering the different activities presented in the general plan.

DURATION

The plan should specify the total cost of the project

ESTIMATING THE BUDGET NEEDED

This is the common practice in many organizations and local government units where the top-level executives/ elected local government officials and appointed officials develop general plans for the organization/ agencies, municipalities and cities

TOP-LEVEL PLANNING

This is the evolving planning strategy wherein the lowlevel officials of the rural people, the members of the community participates in project / organization planning or development planning, that is from situation analysis, problem and needs identification, program planning, program approval, fund sourcing, implementation, monitoring and documentation.

GRASSROOTS OR MASS-BASED PLANNING -

This is a planning approach wherein top level officials , middle level and representatives of the community/ workers/members of the organization of the community come together to develop the plans of the organization/ community.

JOINT PLANNING

is a participatory approach involving elected leader like city/municipal councilor as chair and members come from different come from the different agencies, non-government organizations, private sector and selected prominent citizen who can productively contribute to the tasks of the committee Team planning integrates the best and acceptable ideas from different sectors. It tries to put together plans, from the different sectors.

TEAM/ COMMITTEE PLANNING

Most rural communities are currently confronted with problems of various kinds and for them to achieve a better or desired situation the problems should be minimized or totally eradicated.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

The participants in the problem analysis usually meet in a place that is convenient to everybody. The number of people participating may range from 15-25 individuals. It must not be so large in order to give everybody the chance to participate and express their views. The focus of micro analysis is one specific core problem in the community.

MICRO-WEB ANALYSIS

is almost the same with the micro-analysis. The difference lies in the problem exploration done by the team. There is a free-flowing discussion of all the problems in the community. In the same manner, the facilitator will ask the causes of each of the problems presented

MACRO ANALYSIS

The method of facilitation is the same, only the presentation may differ. The tree is composed of roots, trunk and crown. These parts will be used in analyzing the problem. The core problem will be identified first, to be written in the center inside the box. The facilitator will ask the participants on what causes the core problems.

PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS

PROBLEM ANALYSIS The steps / formats of the discussion are as follows:

A. Introduction B. Statement of Purpose C. Problem Presentation D. Summarization E. Consensus building