Chapter 8

Question 1

is a written document covering a specific period of time , that contains the organization/ agency’s
vision, mission, goals, program thrusts, projects, approaches and strategies, policies and rules, structures,
linkages, manpower and funding requirements

Answer 1

Plan

Question 2

is guided by a deep-seated belief or statement of philosophy that guides the
organization

Answer 2

Plan

Question 3

presents the directions and the specific targets in a particular period of time that a
group must do which are the bases for allocation and approval of funding requirements.

Answer 3

Plan

Question 4

is made operational by breaking it into programs or popularly called program thrusts
of an agency, organization, or local government units.

Answer 4

Program

Question 5

a program
is a package of interrelated projects to meet certain socio-economic goals. He also mentioned that
programmes and projects are solutions to specific problems and needs.

Answer 5

Mercado (1997)

Question 6

a program is composed of a cluster of projects to be undertaken which when
combined together will accomplish a broader predefined goal

Answer 6

Ruiz (1998)

Question 7

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMS / PROJECTS IN
EXTENSION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Answer 7

1. Programs/ projects are influenced by political leaders vision and mission
2. Programs are influenced by the priorities of the assisting organization/ agency
3. Programs requires multi-agency cooperation
4. Programs although funded by external agencies, require LGU leadership and supervision
5. Programs need participatory strategies from planning, implementing up to evaluation

Question 7

A project is composed of
interrelated activities performed in order to accomplish predetermined objectives

Answer 7

Ruiz,1988.

Question 7

a program is composed of interrelated projects

Answer 7

Project

Question 8

Programs have direct effects on productivity, efficiency, improved product quality and greater revenue

Answer 8

Eala et al 1986

Question 9

Programs / projects are interventions to solve people’s need and problems

Answer 9

Mercado, 1997

Question 10

defined as a process that starts
from situation analysis up to the appraisal of program accomplishment. It is composed
of seven distinct processes or stages wherein each stage is a process by itself. These
are situation analysis, organization for planning, program planning process, planned
program, plan of work, execution and appraisal of accomplishment

Answer 10

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Question 10

Programs are categorized according to Local Government Code

Answer 10

1991

Question 11

Defined as an activity of carefully and critically examining in
detail the conditions, nature/trends and quality of an area. These includes human,
physical/natural and institutional resources

Answer 11

SITUATION ANALYSIS

Question 12

Good and effective planners posses commitment, honesty, trust, credibility,
innovativeness, community interests, service, transparency and concern for total
human development of their constituents or target clientele

Answer 12

ORGANIZATION FOR PLANNING

Question 13

Planning is basically a decision-making process. It is deciding in advance what to do,
when to do it, how to do it, who will do it, and how much is needed.

Answer 13

PROGRAM PLANNING PROCESS

Question 14

IN EXTENSION PROGRAM PLANNING, THE STEPS ARE :

Answer 14

A. identifying target are and people
B. Resource assessment
C. Problem identification and prioritization
D. Objective formulation
E. Actions to be undertaken (program, projects, activities )
F. Strategies of implementations
G. Identifying people to be involved
H. Duration
I. Estimating budget needed and source

Question 15

The output or product of planning is an agency/
organizational or a community development plan. The plan must be written for
approval by legal bodies for funding and submission to higher authorities. There are
specific formats of a development plan.

Answer 15

PLANNED PROGRAM

Question 16

The development plan composed of several programs and projects
when written is very general. In order to make it operational and ready for
implementation. A detailed work plan must be prepared to guide planners and
implementers on what to do

Answer 16

PLAN OF WORK

Question 17

This is the stage of putting plans into actions or reality

Answer 17

EXECUTION OF WORK PLAN

Question 18

• This is basic in all plans, programs and projects.
  Plans appear to be implemented and evaluated when the project is going on and at
  project completion.

Answer 18

APPRAISAL OF ACCOMPLISHMENT

Question 19

Plans guide implementers on what to do, who will do it, when to do it, how much
funds are needed

Answer 19

REASONS FOR PLANNING

Question 19

Programs and projects in extension and
rural development are based on existing problems and needs affecting a great number of
people. There is a need to perform problem analysis in order to identify causes of core
problems which need priority attention. The people must be able to participate in
prioritizing the program/ project that will answer recognized problems and needs

Answer 19

PROBLEMS AND NEEDS-BASED PROGRAMS

Question 20

are the resources need in the project available

Answer 20

RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

Question 21

TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY

Answer 21

• Global competitiveness
• Economic viability
• Socially acceptability
• Technical soundness
• Environment friendly
• Political support

Question 22

Programs/ projects require initial
investments as well as operating expenses. The funds needed are primary considerations
in selecting the project. This is the reason why some communities implement small and
not so relevant projects due to inadequate funds.

Answer 22

FUNDING REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES

Question 23

There are various ways of
solving problems, what are needed are the desire, commitment and determination to
solve the problems.

Answer 23

COMMITTED, INNOVATIVE AND AGGRESSIVE PLANNERS

Question 24

Programs can be implemented best if there is a
partnership between and among stakeholders like government leaders, private sectors,
researchers, input suppliers, buyers and producers. Mutual and sincere linkages must be
established in a business-like manner

Answer 24

LINKAGES AND PARTNERSHIP

Question 25

Program planning requires cooperation from
various sectors and strong coordination in order to avoid duplication of efforts/ projects
and attain efficiency in the use of scarce resource

Answer 25

COORDINATION AND COOPERATION

Question 25

All programs must contribute to the development of people first and
foremost. This is the primary and ultimate consideration.

Answer 25

PEOPLE FIRST

Question 25

Projects must be sustained, this means continuity and
viability of projects for a long time and with minimum destruction on the
environment

Answer 25

PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY

Question 26

SMARTEST

Answer 26

S-pecific
M-easurable
A-chievable
R-ealistic
T-ime Bound
E-ncouraging
S-atisfying
T-ransforming

Question 27

A group of people developing a plan is
addressing a specific area and people. The planners in many cases know the people
who will benefit from the program as well as the people who will implement the
program and who will finance the program. As plan is directed for a group of people
whether it is economic, social, cultural, political and environmental program/ projects

Answer 27

IDENTIFYING TARGET AREA AND PEOPLE

Question 28

The planners must believe that
programs in extension are developed to find solutions to recognize problems. The
program is the answer to the need or desired situation/ condition that the people and
the community as a whole would like to achieve.

Answer 28

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION

Question 28

After identifying the people and target area; the planners
have t o look at the resources of the community. These resources can be categorized
as human, physical/ natural and situational resources.

Answer 28

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT -

Question 29

The planners can use the following criteria

Answer 29

A. Number of people affected
B. Effect of the problem
C. Extent of damage
D. Fund requirement
E. Capability of people involved- implementers and workers
F. Environment safety
G. Peace and order

Question 30

• Based on the problems identified, analyzed and prioritized,
  the planners are now ready to formulate general and specific statements of objectives.
  Once the core problem is identified, the general objective can already be made

Answer 30

OBJECTIVE FORMULATION

Question 31

Actions to arrest the identified problems can be in the
form of programs, projects, activities-policies barangay/municipality/ city ordinances.
Program planners need to decide whether it is a program, a project or an activity.

Answer 31

ACTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN

Question 32

Strategies refer to the primary step by step
activities that should be done to implement the project. Specific work plan will be
prepared to put the activities in action. The approaches to be used will be planned,
monitored and evaluated and may vary from project to project depending on the
people to be involved.

Answer 32

STRATEGIES IN IMPLEMENTATIONS

Question 33

This presents the date of project implementation
considering the different activities presented in the general plan.

Answer 33

DURATION

Question 34

The plan should specify the total cost of the
project

Answer 34

ESTIMATING THE BUDGET NEEDED

Question 35

This is the common practice in many organizations and local government units
where the top-level executives/ elected local government officials and appointed officials develop general
plans for the organization/ agencies, municipalities and cities

Answer 35

TOP-LEVEL PLANNING

Question 36

This is the evolving planning strategy wherein the lowlevel officials of the rural people, the members of the community participates in project /
organization planning or development planning, that is from situation analysis, problem and needs
identification, program planning, program approval, fund sourcing, implementation, monitoring and
documentation.

Answer 36

GRASSROOTS OR MASS-BASED PLANNING -

Question 37

This is a planning approach wherein top level officials , middle level
and representatives of the community/ workers/members of the organization of the
community come together to develop the plans of the organization/ community.

Answer 37

JOINT PLANNING

Question 38

is a participatory
approach involving elected leader like city/municipal councilor as chair and members
come from different come from the different agencies, non-government organizations,
private sector and selected prominent citizen who can productively contribute to the
tasks of the committee Team planning integrates the best and acceptable ideas from
different sectors. It tries to put together plans, from the different sectors.

Answer 38

TEAM/ COMMITTEE PLANNING

Question 39

Most rural communities are currently confronted with problems of various kinds and
for them to achieve a better or desired situation the problems should be minimized or
totally eradicated.

Answer 39

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Question 40

The participants in the problem analysis usually meet in a place
that is convenient to everybody. The number of people participating may range from 15-25
individuals. It must not be so large in order to give everybody the chance to participate and
express their views. The focus of micro analysis is one specific core problem in the
community.

Answer 40

MICRO-WEB ANALYSIS

Question 41

is almost the same with the micro-analysis. The difference
lies in the problem exploration done by the team. There is a free-flowing discussion of all the
problems in the community. In the same manner, the facilitator will ask the causes of each of the
problems presented

Answer 41

MACRO ANALYSIS

Question 42

The method of facilitation is the same, only the presentation
may differ. The tree is composed of roots, trunk and crown. These parts will be used in
analyzing the problem. The core problem will be identified first, to be written in the
center inside the box. The facilitator will ask the participants on what causes the core
problems.

Answer 42

PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS

Question 43

PROBLEM ANALYSIS
The steps / formats of the discussion are as follows:

Answer 43

A. Introduction
B. Statement of Purpose
C. Problem Presentation
D. Summarization
E. Consensus building