Chapter 7 Flashcards
style of an action within extension system which embodies the philosophy of
that system.
Approach
embraces the entire spectrum of the process. It states a point of view, a
philosophy, an article of faith
Approach
embraces the entire spectrum of the process. It states a point of view, a
philosophy, an article of faith
Approach
It is a procedural consisting of a series of actions arranged logically for the smooth
operation of a particular teaching tasks or techno promotion.
Method
It is undertaken according to some rule which considers the abilities, needs and
interests of farmers
Method
An overall plan for the orderly presentation of a lesson. It is an organized orderly
systematic and well-planned procedure aimed at enhancing and facilitating learning
or teaching technology adoption.
Method
A procedure or step by step way of guiding prospective clients/ adoptions in
knowing, trying and adopting specific technologyMethod
Method
Extension methods- the way or techniques used by an extension system to
influence its target group i.e. to bring the target groups in interaction with the
context of extension.
Method
It is implementation, having an immediate applicability to the EW/ teacher owning to
its specificity, feasibility and convenience to the one using it
Techniques
It is particular trick, strategy, individual artistry of the teacher/ EW.
Techniques
Approaches in Extension
Approach
Method
Techniques
Transfer of technology
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
to help farmers increase their production. Purpose of what approach?
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
Technology and information are available but are not being used by farmers. If
these could be communicated to farmers, farm practice would improve
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
Controlled by government and changes in priority, from time to time, are made on
a national basis, with some freedom for local adaptation. Purpose of what approach?
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
Carried out by a large field staff assigned throughout the country. Demonstration
plots are a major technique. Purpose of what approach?
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
interprets national government policies and procedures to local people; covers the
whole nation, relatively easy to control by the national government; relatively
rapid communication from the ministry level to rural people. Advantages of what approach?
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
lacks two-way flow of communication; fails to adjust extension messages to
different localities; field staffs not accountable to rural people, expensive and
inefficient. Disadvantages of what approach?
The General Agricultural Extension Approach
Highly disciplined and patterned: with fixed schedule for training of village
extension workers, SMSs and scheduled visits by extension workers to farmers.
The Training & Visit Approach
Guides in the Use of an Approach
- The objective or target adaptors
- Cost in using an approach
- Nature or the long-range impact of the technology
- Techno-promotion capabilities
- Applicability of the approach
- in accordance with the diffusion stage
- Must ultimately develop/change the person’s: knowledge, skills, abilities,
habits, attitudes and values - Flexibility and adaptation
- Properly documented
- Unexpected outcomes
Approaches in Extension
❑ The Training and Visit Approach
❑ The Project Approach
❑ The Commodity Specialized Approach
❑ The Farming System Development Approach
❑ The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach
❑ The Cost Sharing Approach
❑ Educational Institution Approach
❑ Participatory Approach
❑ Mass Approach
❑ Single Purpose Approach
❑ Community Approach
❑ Area Approach
❑ Integrated Approach
Extension personnel are poorly trained; not up to date and tend not to visit
farmers, but stay in their offices; management and supervision is not adequate;
two –way communication between research and extension units and between
extension staff and farmers can be achieved through this discipline
The Training & Visit Approach
To induce farmers to increase production of specified crops. Purpose of what approach?
The Training & Visit Approach
Better results can be achieved in a particular location, during a specified time
period, with large infusion of outside resources; high impact activities, carried on
under artificial circumstances; will have some continuity after outside financial
support is no longer available
The Project Approach
To demonstrate, within the project, what can be accomplished on a relatively short
period of time; to test the variety of alternative extension method. Purpose of what approach?
The Project Approach
Focus which enables evaluation of effectiveness, and sometimes “quick results”, for a
foreign donor; novel techniques and methods can be treated and experimented with
within the limits of the projects. Advantage of what approach?
The project approach
Usually too short time period; provide tends to be more than what is appropriate; flow
of “good ideas” in the project to areas outside the project; double standards; when
money ends, project extension programs most after end also. Disadvantage of what approach?
The project approach
Highly specialized; focuses on one export crop or one aspect of farming
The commodity specialized approach
Technology tends to “fit” the production problems and so message of extension officers
sent to growers tend to be appropriate; because of coordination with research and
marketing people, message tends to be delivered in timely manner to producers; focus
on a narrow range of technical concerns; higher salary incentives; closer management
and supervision; fewer farmers per extension worker; easier to monitor and evaluate;
relatively more cost effectives. Advantage of what approach?
The Commodity Specialized Approach
Interest of the farmers may have less priority than those of the commodity
organization; does not provide advisory service to other aspects of farming; problems
of the commodity organization promoting “its commodity” even in situations where it
is no longer in the national interests to be increasing production of that particular
commodity. Disadvantage of what approach?
The Commodity Specialized Approach
Technology which fits the needs of farmers particularly small farmers, is not available
and needs to be generated locally
The Faming System Development Approach
Concerned with a broad range of agricultural subjects, shifting its local focus from time
to time as village problems change or as need arise
The Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach
Any NFE program is more likely to achieve its goal if those who benefit from it share
some part of the cost; program would more likely serve interests of client if costs are
shared between “outside” sponsors and “inside” target groups, commitment to
learners to participate if they pay some part of the costs
The Cost Sharing Approach
Extension done by an academic institution
Educational Institution Approach
popular in irrigation system development,
agrarian reform, local governance, and technology generation, verification up to
utilization.
Participatory Approach
approach institutionalizes the democratic process wherein every member
of a group of target users must be involved in the whole process of program / project
development:
Participatory Approach
This approach provides an opportunity for project beneficiaries or targets of
technology promotion to be involved in all stages of program/ projects development
Participatory Approach
the target adopters of technology are
the mass of people whose identity and number are unknown
Mass Approach
The extension agency as the initiator of techno promotion is promoting a single
technology
Single Purpose Approach
They can use different methods and strategies but focus on the
number of products disposed / sold.
Single Purpose Approach
An extension agency whether public or private, assists a community to develop in all
aspects- economic, social, cultural, political and environmental. The main objective is
total community development.
Community Approach
The target is categorized by regions (region 1,2,3, etc.). It can be categorized
according to ecological zones as lowland, upland, and coastal areas
Area approach
can be used in different modes. This can be in the context
of project implementation of a specific project like hybrid rice production. The
program puts together the services of various agencies to implement a particular
program. These agencies share their resources, agree on common goals and
approaches.
Integrated Approach
Integrated approach
Input, Process, Approach
