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2;2 Psychology 101 CSN 2023 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

Mental grouping of similar
objects, events, ideas,
and people.

A

Concept

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3
Q

A mental image of best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method of sorting items into categories, (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototype bird, such as a robin).

A

Prototype

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4
Q

The Aha! Moment

A

Before the moment, the problem solvers’ frontal lobes (which are involved in focusing attention) were active. As the insight occurred, there was a burst of activity in the right temporal lobe just above the ear.

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5
Q

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.

A

Algorithm

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6
Q

A simple, thinking strategy that often allows you to make a judgment and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error prone than algorithms.

A

Heuristics

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7
Q

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solution.

A

Insight

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8
Q

A Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them.

A

Confirmation bias

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9
Q

The inability to see a problem from of new perspectives; an obstacle to problem-solving.

A

Fixation

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10
Q

And effortless, immediate, automatic, feeling, or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

A

Intuition

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11
Q

The way an issue is pose; ——- can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

A

Framing

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12
Q

Cling to beliefs and ignoring evidence that provides they are wrong

A

Belief perseverance

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13
Q

The tendency to be more confident and correct—— to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

A

Overconfidence

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14
Q

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if an event comes readily to mind (perhaps because it was vivid), we assume it must be common.

A

Availability heuristics

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15
Q

When someone describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,” but he has decided to explore opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance in this effort?

A

Carefully guard against confirmation bias (searching for support for his own views, and ignore contradictory evidence) as he seeks out opposing viewpoints. Belief perseverance may lead him to cling to be fused anyways. It will take more compelling evidence to change his beliefs than it took to create them.

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16
Q

A major obstacle to problem solving is fixation, which is a(n)

A

Inability to view a problem from a new perspective

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17
Q

After the 911 attack by foreign-born terrorist, some observers initially assume that the 2003 US East Coast blackout was probably also the work of foreign-born terrorists. This assumption illustrates the ——-

A

Availability Heuristics.

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18
Q

The systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n)

A

Algorithm

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19
Q

A mental grouping of similar things is called a

A

Concept

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20
Q

Why can news be described as “something that hardly ever happens”?How does knowing this help us assess our fears?

A

If a tragic event, such as a plane crash makes the news, is noteworthy and unusual, unlike much more common bad news, such as a traffic accident. knowing this, we can worry less about unlikely events, and think more about improving the safety of our every day activities.

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21
Q

The 5 ingredients of creativity

A

-Expertise
-Imaginative thinking skills
-A venturesome personality
-Intrinsic motivation
-A creative environment

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22
Q

Motivation that arises internally rather than from outside rewards or external pressure.

A

Intrinsic motivation

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23
Q

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

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24
Q

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

Convergent thinking

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25
Q

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

A

Divergent thinking

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26
Q

Sudden Aha! Reaction that instantly reveals the solution

A

Insight

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27
Q

Simple thinking shortcuts that let you act quickly and efficiently, but put you at risk for errors

A

Heuristics

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28
Q

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meeting.

A

Language

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29
Q

Beginning at about four months, the stage of speech and development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at the first unrelated to the household language.

A

Babbling stage

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30
Q

A stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which the child speaks mostly in single words

A

One-word stage

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31
Q

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

A

Two-word stage

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32
Q

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“ go car”-using mostly nouns and verbs.

A

Telegraphic speech

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33
Q

In a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

Grammar

34
Q

What is the difference between receptive and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development?

A

Infants normally start developing receptive language skills around four months of age. Then starting with babbling at four months and beyond, infants normally start building productive language skills.

35
Q

What was Noam Chomsky’s explanation of language development?

A

Chomsky maintains that all languages share a universal grammar and humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language.

36
Q

Why is it so difficult to learn a new language in adulthood?

A

Our brains critical period for language learning is in childhood, when we absorb language structure almost effortlessly. As we move past that stage in our brains development, our ability to learn a new language drops dramatically.

37
Q

———— is the part of the brain that if damaged may impair your ability to speak words.

A

Broca’s area (controls language expression; left hemisphere of the frontal lobe)

38
Q

If you damage ———-, you may impair your ability to understand language.

A

Wernicke’s area (controls language reception; usually in the left temporal lobe)

39
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

-Analytical intelligence (school smarts: traditional academic problem solving)
-creative intelligence (trailblazing smarts: the ability to generate novel ideas)
-Practical intelligence (StreetSmarts: skillet handling every day tasks)

40
Q

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computerization or drawing.

A

Savant syndrome

41
Q

A general intelligence factor that, according to spearman, and others underline specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every day task on an intelligence test.

A

General intelligence (g) -g factor -common skill set

42
Q

The ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions.

A

Emotional intelligence

43
Q

A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing
them with others,
using numerical scores

A

Intelligence test

44
Q

A test design to predict
a persons,
future performance;

——— is the capacity to learn

A

Aptitude test

Aptitude

45
Q

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

A

Achievement test

46
Q

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average eight-year-old is said to have a mental age of eight.

A

Mental age

47
Q

The widely used American revision of Binet’s original
intelligence test.

A

Stanford-Binet

48
Q

To help an employee decide whom she should hire she should use an ——- test.

A

Aptitude

49
Q

For an employer, wishing to test the effectiveness of a
new on-the-job training
program, it would be
wise to use an ——— test.

A

Achievement

50
Q

What did Binet hope to achieve by establishing a child’s mental age?

A

Binet hoped that a child’s mental age would help identify appropriate school placements with children of similar abilities.

51
Q

What are the three requirements that psychological test must meet in order to be widely excepted?

A

-standardized(pre-tested on a similar group of people)
-reliable(yielding consistent results)
-valid (measuring, or predicting what is supposed to measure or predict).

52
Q

The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer scores line near the extremes.

A

Normal curve

53
Q

The most widely used intelligence
test; contains verbal
and performance (nonverbal)
subtests.

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

54
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, and assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

A

Reliability

55
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

A

Validity

56
Q

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested group.

A

Standardization

57
Q

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

58
Q

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below, and difficulty adapting to the demands of life. Formally referred to as mental retardation.

A

Intellectual disability

59
Q

If environments become more equal, the heritability of intelligence would

A

Increase

60
Q

The portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may very, depending on the population and environment.

A

Heritability

61
Q

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

Cross-sectional study

62
Q

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

A

Longitudinal study

63
Q

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

Crystallized intelligence

64
Q

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractedly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

Fluid intelligence

65
Q

A self-confirming concern that will be judged based on a negative stereotype. It may impair your attention in learning.

A

Stereotype threat

66
Q

What are the characteristics of a creative person?

A

Expertise, adventuresome personality, imaginative thinking skills

67
Q

Children reach the one word stage of speech development at about

A

One year of age

68
Q

When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as

A

Telegraphic speech

69
Q

According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n)

A

Universal grammar

70
Q

Most researchers agree that apes can

A

Communicate through symbols.

71
Q

Charles spearman suggest we have one ——— ——— underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.

A

General intelligence (g)

72
Q

The existence of savant syndrome seems to support

A

Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

73
Q

Sternberg’s three types of intelligence are

A

Academic, practical, creative

74
Q

Emotionally intelligent people tend to

A

Succeed in their careers

75
Q

The IQ of a six year old with a measured mental age of nine would be

A

150

76
Q

The Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) is best available to tell us

A

How the test taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning

77
Q

The strongest support for hereditary‘s influence on intelligence is the finding that

A

Identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.

78
Q

Say that heritability of intelligence is about 50% means that 50% of

A

That variation intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.

79
Q

The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is

A

Being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.

80
Q

——— ——— can lead to poor performance on test by undermining testtakers believe that they can do well on the test

A

Stereotype threat

2;2 Psychology 101 CSN 2023 (5 decks)

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