Chapter 8

Question 1

Subjective meaning attribution/perceptions

Answer 1

Basic premise for qualitative research whereby the respondents’ perceptions are key.

Question 2

Holistic research

Answer 2

Qualitative research in which research elements are studied within their environment as a whole, ‘in reality’. Research elements are studied in their normal surroundings.

Question 3

Observational research

Answer 3

Research which uses observation of people or groups to collect information.

Question 4

Inductive

Answer 4

Collect data, answer the question. The outcome depends on the type of question.

Question 5

Deductive

Answer 5

Ask a theoretical question, look at previous research, choose a model, analyze research information whether the model is valid.

Question 6

Types of observational research

Answer 6

1. Observation in the field or the observation room.
2. Structured or unstructured. structured: a list of certain behavior that you will analyzing. unstructured: observe what happens when people interact.
3. Direct or indirect: direct: subjects now they are observing you. Indirect: mirrors, video equipment.
4. Concealed or uncovered. Concealed: objects don’t know your observing them. Unconcealed: objects know your observing them.
5. Participating or not: taking apart in the activities of the persons being observed.

Question 7

When does observation become observation research

Answer 7

• Nature of the main question: must be suitable for observational research.
• Avoid subjectivity: Intersubjectivity: Concept demarcation. The more inclined researchers are to agree in their coding of the behavior, the more usable the system is because there is communication.
• Being systematic: includes converting your concepts from your main question into observation categories. For example. Having a list with multiple answers.

Question 8

Standardizing

Answer 8

• There are quality criteria which goof observational research must meet.
• Concepts from the main question must be converted into observation categories.
• Must be intersubjectivity, and that peer consultation has an important role.

Question 9

Event sampling

Answer 9

Over a short period of time, the incidence of a given type of behavior is noted.

Question 10

Time sampling

Answer 10

Over a short period of time, at a given signal the behavior of the subject under observation is noted at that time.

Question 11

Intersubjectivity

Answer 11

The researchers are in agreement among themselves about the coding for terms and the interpretation of the research.

Question 12

Dialogue

Answer 12

Interview with one person.

Question 13

Group interviews

Answer 13

Several people are interviewed at the same time.

Question 14

Moderator

Answer 14

Asks the questions.

Question 15

Focus group

Answer 15

Group interview during which one subject is discussed.

Question 16

Interaction effect

Answer 16

People share more in group environments.

Question 17

Structured interviews

Answer 17

Interviews using structured questionnaires containing closed questions.

Question 18

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 18

Interview based on open as well as structured questions.

Question 19

Unstructured interview

Answer 19

In-depth interview based mainly on a topic list.

Question 20

Three types of structured interview

Answer 20

• Unstructured/ in-depth interview
• Semi-structured interview
• Structured interview

Question 21

When to go for an interview

Answer 21

• Respondents’ perceptions.
• The researcher’s role: if interaction with the respondent is important.
• Size of your population: if the population is small.
• New subjects: if little is known from the subject.
• Practical conditions: the manpower, time and money.

Question 22

Primary sources

Answer 22

For handling a new subject.

Question 23

Secondary literature

Answer 23

Reports on the research findings of other scientists.

Question 24

Tertiary sources

Answer 24

Give an overview of primary and secondary literature.

Question 25

Gray sources

Answer 25

Sources that are not included in the usual collections.

Question 26

Content analysis

Answer 26

Gathering and analyzing texts on a specific subject.

Question 27

Qualitative desk research

Answer 27

Qualitative research methods for which you don’t go “into the field.”

Question 28

Text sociology

Answer 28

Research in which autobiographical texts are analyzed.

Question 29

Qualitative secondary analysis

Answer 29

Qualitative analysis of existing texts ad texts files from a new perspective.

Question 30

Case studies

Answer 30

Research that involves one organization or one group is referred to as a case study.

Question 31

Intensive research

Answer 31

Answering the research question from the inside.

Question 32

Extensive research

Answer 32

Answering the research question from the outside.

Question 33

Biographical research

Answer 33

Research into the life and works of a particular person.

Question 34

Action research

Answer 34

Evaluate an innovation or measure when it is being implemented concurrently.

Question 35

Delphi research

Answer 35

Case studies in which experts investigate the support base for changes, this research is done prior to implementation.

Question 36

Design-oriented research

Answer 36

Research in which designing and testing a solution to practical problems is key.

Question 37

Data collection methods for design-oriented research (mostly qualitative)

Answer 37

1. Problem analysis.
2. You check it meets the requirements that you can set beforehand during the testing of your solution.

Question 38

Problem analysis

Answer 38

Interview with experts, employees, observations or focus group research. This is how you learn about the problem so that you can demarcate it (set limits).

Question 39

Method triangulation

Answer 39

Server data collection methods

Question 40

Data triangulation

Answer 40

Researching various groups, using various sampling methods at various times. Using various research groups (datasets).

Question 41

Triangulation of researchers

Answer 41

Several researchers working on one project.

Question 42

Theoretical triangulation

Answer 42

Various theoretical assumptions are described.

Question 43

Mixed method design

Answer 43

Qualitative and quantitative research combined.