Chapter 8 Flashcards
Subjective meaning attribution/perceptions
Basic premise for qualitative research whereby the respondents’ perceptions are key.
Holistic research
Qualitative research in which research elements are studied within their environment as a whole, ‘in reality’. Research elements are studied in their normal surroundings.
Observational research
Research which uses observation of people or groups to collect information.
Inductive
Collect data, answer the question. The outcome depends on the type of question.
Deductive
Ask a theoretical question, look at previous research, choose a model, analyze research information whether the model is valid.
Types of observational research
- Observation in the field or the observation room.
- Structured or unstructured. structured: a list of certain behavior that you will analyzing. unstructured: observe what happens when people interact.
- Direct or indirect: direct: subjects now they are observing you. Indirect: mirrors, video equipment.
- Concealed or uncovered. Concealed: objects don’t know your observing them. Unconcealed: objects know your observing them.
- Participating or not: taking apart in the activities of the persons being observed.
When does observation become observation research
- Nature of the main question: must be suitable for observational research.
- Avoid subjectivity: Intersubjectivity: Concept demarcation. The more inclined researchers are to agree in their coding of the behavior, the more usable the system is because there is communication.
- Being systematic: includes converting your concepts from your main question into observation categories. For example. Having a list with multiple answers.
Standardizing
- There are quality criteria which goof observational research must meet.
- Concepts from the main question must be converted into observation categories.
- Must be intersubjectivity, and that peer consultation has an important role.
Event sampling
Over a short period of time, the incidence of a given type of behavior is noted.
Time sampling
Over a short period of time, at a given signal the behavior of the subject under observation is noted at that time.
Intersubjectivity
The researchers are in agreement among themselves about the coding for terms and the interpretation of the research.
Dialogue
Interview with one person.
Group interviews
Several people are interviewed at the same time.
Moderator
Asks the questions.
Focus group
Group interview during which one subject is discussed.
Interaction effect
People share more in group environments.
Structured interviews
Interviews using structured questionnaires containing closed questions.
Semi-structured interviews
Interview based on open as well as structured questions.
Unstructured interview
In-depth interview based mainly on a topic list.
Three types of structured interview
- Unstructured/ in-depth interview
- Semi-structured interview
- Structured interview
When to go for an interview
- Respondents’ perceptions.
- The researcher’s role: if interaction with the respondent is important.
- Size of your population: if the population is small.
- New subjects: if little is known from the subject.
- Practical conditions: the manpower, time and money.
Primary sources
For handling a new subject.
Secondary literature
Reports on the research findings of other scientists.
Tertiary sources
Give an overview of primary and secondary literature.
Gray sources
Sources that are not included in the usual collections.
Content analysis
Gathering and analyzing texts on a specific subject.
Qualitative desk research
Qualitative research methods for which you don’t go “into the field.”
Text sociology
Research in which autobiographical texts are analyzed.
Qualitative secondary analysis
Qualitative analysis of existing texts ad texts files from a new perspective.
Case studies
Research that involves one organization or one group is referred to as a case study.
Intensive research
Answering the research question from the inside.
Extensive research
Answering the research question from the outside.
Biographical research
Research into the life and works of a particular person.
Action research
Evaluate an innovation or measure when it is being implemented concurrently.
Delphi research
Case studies in which experts investigate the support base for changes, this research is done prior to implementation.
Design-oriented research
Research in which designing and testing a solution to practical problems is key.
Data collection methods for design-oriented research (mostly qualitative)
- Problem analysis.
- You check it meets the requirements that you can set beforehand during the testing of your solution.
Problem analysis
Interview with experts, employees, observations or focus group research. This is how you learn about the problem so that you can demarcate it (set limits).
Method triangulation
Server data collection methods
Data triangulation
Researching various groups, using various sampling methods at various times. Using various research groups (datasets).
Triangulation of researchers
Several researchers working on one project.
Theoretical triangulation
Various theoretical assumptions are described.
Mixed method design
Qualitative and quantitative research combined.
