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biology grade 11 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

directional selection (p. 326)

A

selection that favours an increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average

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2
Q

stabilizing selection (p. 327)

A

selection against individuals exhibiting traits that deviate from the current population average

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3
Q

disruptive selection (p. 328)

A

selection that favours two or more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average

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4
Q

sexual selection (p. 328)

A

differential reproductive success caused by variation in the ability to obtain mates; results in sexual dimorphism, and mating and courtship behaviours

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5
Q

genetic drift (p. 331)

A

changes to allele frequency as a result of chance; such changes are much more pronounced in small populations

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6
Q

genetic bottleneck (p. 332)

A

a dramatic, often temporary, reduction in population size, usually resulting in significant genetic drift

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7
Q

founder effect (p. 332)

A

genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from their original population and establish a new population

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle (p. 333)

A

In large populations in which only random chance is at work, allele frequencies are expected to remain constant from generation to generation.

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9
Q

microevolution (p. 336)

A

changes in gene (allele) frequencies and phenotypic traits within a population and species

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10
Q

speciation (p. 336)

A

the formation of new species

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11
Q

reproductive isolating mechanism (p. 336)

A

any behavioural, structural, or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully together

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12
Q

prezygotic mechanism (p. 336)

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents interspecies mating and fertilization (for example, ecological isolation, temporal isolation, and behavioural isolation)

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13
Q

postzygotic mechanism (p. 336)

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction

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14
Q

allopatric speciation (p. 337)

A

the formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period of geographic isolation

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15
Q

sympatric speciation (p. 339)

A

the evolution of populations within the same geographic area into separate species

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16
Q

adaptive radiation (p. 341)

A

the relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species, filling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches

17
Q

divergent evolution (p. 342)

A

the large-scale evolution of a group into many different forms

18
Q

convergent evolution (p. 343)

A

the evolution of similar traits in distantly related species

19
Q

coevolution (p. 344)

A

a process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another species

20
Q

macroevolution (p. 348)

A

large-scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and new taxa

21
Q

abiogenesis (p. 348)

A

the origin of life from non-living matter

22
Q

Cambrian explosion (p. 350)

A

the rapid evolution of most major animal phyla that took place over approximately 40 million years during the Cambrian period

23
Q

cladistics (p. 350)

A

a method of determining evolutionary relationships based on the presence or absence of recently evolved traits

24
Q

derived trait (p. 350)

A

a trait that has evolved relatively recently with respect to the species or groups being discussed

25
Q

synapomorphy (p. 350)

A

a derived trait shared by two or more species or groups

26
Q

theory of gradualism (p. 353)

A

a theory that attributes large evolutionary changes in species to the accumulation of many small and ongoing changes and processes

27
Q

theory of punctuated equilibrium (p. 353)

A

a theory that attributes most evolutionary changes to relatively rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change

28
Q

transitional form (p. 354)

A

a fossil or species intermediate in form between two other species in a direct line of descent

29
Q

primate (p. 358)

A

a group of relatively large-brained, mostly arboreal mammals that includes prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans

30
Q

prosimian (p. 358)

A

the group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

31
Q

anthropoid (p. 358)

A

the group of primates that includes monkeys, apes, and humans

32
Q

hominid (p. 359)

A

all species descended fromthe most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans that are on the human side of the lineage

biology grade 11 (8 decks)

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