Chapter 6

Question 1

nuclein (p. 228)

Answer 1

The original name given to DNA when it was discovered in the nucleus of cells by Friedrich Miescher in 1869

Question 2

nucleotide (p. 229)

Answer 2

The repeating unit in DNA; it comprises a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases

Question 3

X-ray crystallography (p. 230)

Answer 3

A technique in which a pure substance is subjected to X-rays; the pattern in which the X-rays bend and spread helps reveal the structure of the pure substance

Question 4

scientific model (p. 230)

Answer 4

a simplified representation of a concept; can be tangible or conceptual

Question 5

complementary base pairing (p. 231)

Answer 5

pairing of the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand; adenine (A.) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)

Question 6

point mutation (p. 234)

Answer 6

a small-scale change in the nitrogenous base sequence of a DNA; the mutation may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral (having no effect on
the organism)

Question 7

chromosome mutation (p. 234)

Answer 7

an error that involves an entire chromosome or a large part of a chromosome

Question 8

spontaneous mutation (p. 236)

Answer 8

a mutation that is not caused by any outside factors; it occurs randomly

Question 9

induced mutation (p. 236)

Answer 9

a mutation that occurs because of exposure to an outside factor; second-hand smoke increases the chance of developing lung cancer

Question 10

antibiotic resistant (p. 237)

Answer 10

describes strains of bacteria that are no longer susceptible to the effects of antibiotics; are sometimes called “superbugs” and are prevalent in hospital settings

Question 11

transposon (p. 237)

Answer 11

a specific segment of DNA that can move along or between the
chromosomes

Question 12

transposition (p. 237)

Answer 12

the process of moving a gene sequence from one part of the chromosome to another part of the chromosome

Question 13

microarray (p. 238)

Answer 13

a small membrane or glass slide that has been coated in a predictable and organized manner with a genomic sequence

Question 14

Human Genome Project (HGP) (p. 240)

Answer 14

a collaborative worldwide project to sequence the nitrogenous bases in human DNA

Question 15

human genome (p. 240)

Answer 15

the sequence of DNA nitrogenous bases found on the 23 sets of chromosomes in humans

Question 16

coding DNA (p. 240)

Answer 16

a region of DNA that contains a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed; a gene

Question 17

non-coding DNA (p. 240)

Answer 17

a region of DNA that does not contain a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed

Question 18

functional genomics (p. 241)

Answer 18

the study of the relationship between genes and their function

Question 19

model organism (p. 241)

Answer 19

an organism that can be used to study biological functions of another organism, due to its genetic similarity

Question 20

DNA bank (p. 242)

Answer 20

a database of DNA sequences; the sequences can be from plants, animals, or humans

Question 21

DNA fingerprinting (p. 243)

Answer 21

a pattern of bands on a gel that is unique to each individual

Question 22

restriction enzyme (p. 245)

Answer 22

a molecule that has the ability to cut DNA at a specific site; different restriction enzymes recognize and cut different sites

Question 23

recombinant DNA (p. 245)

Answer 23

fragments of DNA consisting of nucleotide sequences from at least two different sources

Question 24

gene therapy (p. 249)

Answer 24

the process by which defective genes in a genome are corrected with a normal copy of the gene

Question 25

target cell (p. 249)

Answer 25

one of the cells that contain the faulty gene to be corrected

Question 26

vector (p. 249)

Answer 26

any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, capable of inserting a piece of foreign DNA into a cell

Question 27

Nature vs. Nurture Debate (Triplet Study)

Answer 27

● 3 boys placed in different homes - no clue triplets
● multiyear study by child psychiatrist - examining the question of “nature vs. nurture,” - never published, and the study’s materials are being kept at Yale University.

Question 28

Nature vs. Nurture Debate (Mother Rats)

Answer 28

Those who mothers were lickers child become lickers and those who were not became non lickers

Question 29

Nature vs. Nurture Debate (FAS)

Answer 29

Is a disorder that happens when the mother drinks alcohol while pregnant.

Question 30

Nature vs. Nurture Debate (WWII testing)

Answer 30

● 3000 twin sets - 200 survived
● Eugenics is the scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding” – believed that they could perfect human beings through genetics and heredity

Question 31

Chromosome

Answer 31

(tightly wound DNA)
● chromatin is really in “pieces”(46 in humans)
● when chromatin coils up - making the “pieces” visible - we
call the pieces chromosomes
● chromosomes have 2 parts
○ DNA - the “string”
○ Histone Proteins - the “spools”

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
● huge molecule/polymer/macromolecule
● coiled ladder
● sugar phosphate sides
● nitrogen bases (A,C,G,T) make the rungs
○ A + T or C + G

Question 33

Nucleosides (————+ ————-)

Answer 33

(N Base + Sugar)

Question 34

Nucleotides ( )

Answer 34

(N Base + Sugar + Phosphate Group)

Question 35

What examples of Macromolecules that made from monomers

Answer 35

Macromolecules are made from monomers such as glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, nucleotides