Chapter 7

Question 1

neutral mutation (p. 282)

Answer 1

a mutation that does not result in any selective advantage or disadvantage

Question 2

harmful mutation (p. 282)

Answer 2

any mutation that reduces the reproductive success of an individual and is therefore selected against; harmful mutations do not accumulate over time

Question 3

beneficial mutation (p. 282)

Answer 3

any mutation that increases the reproductive success of an organism; beneficial mutations
are favoured by natural selection and accumulate over time

Question 4

artificial selection (p. 283)

Answer 4

directed breeding in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation; artificial selection is used to produce new breeds or varieties of plants and animals

Question 5

immutable (p. 288)

Answer 5

unable to change

Question 6

fossil (p. 289)

Answer 6

any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of an organism or traces of its activity that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in Earth’s crust

Question 7

paleontology (p. 291)

Answer 7

the scientific investigation of prehistoric life through the study of fossils

Question 8

catastrophism (p. 292)

Answer 8

the theory that the pattern of fossils could be accounted for by a series of global catastrophes that wiped out most species on Earth

Question 9

uniformitarianism (p. 292)

Answer 9

the theory that geological changes are slow and gradual and that natural laws and processes have not changed over time

Question 10

biogeography (p. 296)

Answer 10

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of organisms based on both living species and fossils

Question 11

homologous feature (p. 298)

Answer 11

a structure with a common evolutionary origin that may serve different functions in modern species (for example, bat wing and human arm)

Question 12

analogous feature (p. 300)

Answer 12

a structure that performs the same function as another but is not similar in origin or
anatomical structure; for example, bird and insect wings

Question 13

vestigial feature (p. 300)

Answer 13

a rudimentary and non-functioning, or only marginally functioning, structure that is homologous
to a fully functioning structure in closely related species

Question 14

natural selection (p. 304)

Answer 14

the way in which nature favours the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others

Question 15

survival of the fittest (p. 305)

Answer 15

a phrase that has been used to describe the process of natural selection

Question 16

adaptation (p. 305)

Answer 16

a characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success its environment

Question 17

radioisotope (p. 308)

Answer 17

an atom with an unstable nucleus that is capable of undergoing radioactive decay

Question 18

half-life (p. 308)

Answer 18

the time required for half the quantity of a radioactive substance to undergo decay; the half-life is a constant for any given isotope

Question 19

modern evolutionary synthesis (p. 309)

Answer 19

The modern theory of evolution that takes into account all branches of biology

Question 20

gene pool (p. 309)

Answer 20

the complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population

Question 21

pseudogene (p. 311)

Answer 21

a vestigial gene that no longer codes for a functioning protein

Question 22

plate tectonics (p. 312)

Answer 22

the scientific theory that describes the large-scale movements and features of Earth’s crust

Question 23

Hybridization

Answer 23

When two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule.

Question 24

Hybrid

Answer 24

An offspring of two animals or plants of different subspecies

Question 25

5 fingers of evolution

Answer 25

Pinky: chance can happen Ring: non random mating Middle: mutation Pointer: gene flow/movement Thumb: adaptation

Question 26

Theory

Answer 26

A theory is a scientific explanation of a phenomenon based on facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments.

Question 27

Evolution

Answer 27

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Question 28

Gene pool

Answer 28

Is set of all genes or genetic information in any population that is usually of a particular species.

Question 29

Natural Selection

Answer 29

The process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.

Question 30

Genetic variation

Answer 30

is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations.

Question 31

Differential reproduction

Answer 31

a process of favoring survival and reproduction of the best individuals in a population

Question 32

Altruism

Answer 32

when its behaviour benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself.

Question 33

Group Selection

Answer 33

sometimes acts on whole groups of organisms, favoring some groups over others, leading to the evolution of traits that are group-advantageous.

Question 34

Kin selection

Answer 34

Kin selection is a part of natural selection. Selection normally favors a gene if it increases reproduction, because the offspring share copies of that gene

Question 35

Fitness

Answer 35

reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment.

Question 36

Gene Frequencies

Answer 36

A percentage of a population that carries allele at a particular locus

Question 37

Malthus

Answer 37

● Malthus theorized that populations would continue expanding until growth is stopped or reversed by disease, famine, war, or calamity. ● Contributed to Darwin’s idea of competition and differential reproduction

Question 38

Lamarack

Answer 38

● proposed the first coherent theory of evolution. ● proposed a mechanism: use & disuse (offspring inherit the characteristics their parents use most) a giraffe that stretched high for leaves would produce offspring with longer necks and this could be inherited.

Question 39

Lyell

Answer 39

long-term result of short-term geological phenomena (i.e. erosion & uplift). mountains and gorges were formed slowly

Question 40

Immutable

Question 41

Church: Separate Creation & Fixity of Species

Answer 41

Could not for agents church at time so had to stay to belief’s because at the time god was more powerful than anything