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Biology Grade 11 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen (p. 46)

A

a disease-causing agent, often a virus or micro-organism

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2
Q

mutualism (p. 47)

A

a relationship between two species that live in very close with each other

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3
Q

antibiotic (p. 47)

A

a substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms

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4
Q

plasmid (p. 49)

A

a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

capsule (p. 49)

A

an outer layer on some bacteria

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6
Q

coccus (p. 49)

A

a round bacterial cell

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7
Q

bacillus (p. 49)

A

a rod-shaped bacterial cell

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8
Q

spirillum (p. 49)

A

a spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacterial cell

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9
Q

inorganic chemical (p. 49)

A

a chemical that has an abiotic origin

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10
Q

organic chemical (p. 49)

A

contains carbon and is produced by living things

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11
Q

obligate aerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that cannot survive without oxygen

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12
Q

facultative aerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

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13
Q

fermentation (p. 49)

A

an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food

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14
Q

obligate anaerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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15
Q

binary fission (p. 49)

A

the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells; a form of asexual reproduction

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16
Q

conjugation (p. 50)

A

a form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information

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17
Q

transformation (p. 50)

A

a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment

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18
Q

horizontal gene transfer (p. 50)

A

any process in which one species gets DNA from a different species

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19
Q

endospore (p. 50)

A

a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress that protects chromosome from damage

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20
Q

virus (p. 54)

A

a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule

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21
Q

capsid (p. 54)

A

a protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus

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22
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid) (p. 54)

A

a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses

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23
Q

epidemic (p. 54)

A

a large-scale outbreak of disease

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24
Q

pandemic (p. 54)

A

an epidemic that occurs over a widespread geographic area, often globally

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25
Q

bacteriophage (p. 55)

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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26
Q

lysis (p. 56)

A

the rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell

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27
Q

lysogeny (p. 56)

A

a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell’s chromosome for many cell cycle generations

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28
Q

transduction (p. 56)

A

a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another

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29
Q

gene therapy (p. 58)

A

a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene

30
Q

viroid (p. 58)

A

a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants

31
Q

prion (p. 58)

A

an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans

32
Q

endosymbiosis (p. 61)

A

a relationship in which a single-celled organism lives within the cell(s) of another organism

33
Q

haploid (p. 64)

A

a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)

34
Q

zygote (p. 64)

A

a cell formed by the fusion of two sex cells; the zygote is diploid (2n)

35
Q

diploid (p. 64)

A

a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)

36
Q

sporophyte (p. 65)

A

a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle

37
Q

spore (p. 65)

A

a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual

38
Q

gametophyte (p. 65)

A

a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells

39
Q

alternation of generations (p. 65)

A

a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle

40
Q

The six kingdoms are:

A

Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia.

41
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Lack membrane bound organelles
Smallest organisms on Earth
Diverse habitats (symbiotic, remote, extreme)
Outnumber all living things on Earth

42
Q

Proteobacteria /Purple Bacteria

A

photosynthesis
euk mitochondria

43
Q

Green Bacteria

A

photosynthesize (different than plants)
habitat: salt water or hot springs (usually)

44
Q

Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

A

photosynthesize
euk chloroplasts
producers aquatic ecosystems

45
Q

Gram + Bacteria

A

used in food production
some of lost cell walls

46
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral shaped flagellum
move like corkscrews
cause syphilis

47
Q

Chlamydias

A

all are parasitic
cause trachoma (leading cause of human blindness)

48
Q

Shapes of Eubacteria are:

A

Coccus / cocci (sphere)
Bacillus / bacilli (rod)
Spirillum/spirlli (spiral)

49
Q

Metabolism (Asexual)

A

Asexual: binary fission

50
Q

Metabolism (Sexual)

A

conjugation

51
Q

Methanogens

A

live in low O2 enviros (swamps, marshes, lagoons)
make energy via making methane

52
Q

Halophiles

A

salt loving
live in Dead Sea,preserved foods

53
Q

Thermophiles

A

live in hot springs/geothermal vents

54
Q

Psychrophiles

A

cold loving
live in Arctic/Antarctic waters & cold depths

55
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Single called organism
● No membrane-bound nucleus
● Prokaryotic refers to “before the nucleus”

56
Q

What is Eukaryotes?

A

● Have a membrane-bound nucleus
● More complex internal structure
● On average larger than prokaryotes
● Eukaryotic refers to “with” nucleus

57
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

most diverse kingdom
● not based on phylogeny - more like a junk drawer …. they do not form a natural group or clade
● size varies from small (single cellular, amoeba) to large (multicellular, green kelp)

58
Q

green algae are common in —————

A

freshwater

59
Q

red and brown algae are common in —.————

A

marine environments

60
Q

Protists were the ———- eukaryotes

A

first

61
Q

The phylogenetic tree shows that protists are closely related to—-, ——— and ————

A

fungi

animals

plants

62
Q

Mitochondria

A

● have their own internal chromosomes
● reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell
● believe originated from endosymbiosis

63
Q

Chloroplasts

A

have their own internal chromosomes

reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell

believe originated from endosymbiosis

64
Q

Prokaryotes Physical Characteristics

A

most are unicellular ….. but some are multicelullar
● some autotrophic and some heterotrophic
● multiple movement strategies and some are stationary
● multiple reproduction strategies
● diverse metabolisms

65
Q

Euglenoids ( )

A

Euglenoids (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● unicellular
● chloroplasts
● eyespot (a light filter)
● no cell wall - rather a pellicle
(support layer of stiff proteins) … pellicle allows for unique movement
● flagellum (usually 2, one internal)
● reproduce by binary fission

66
Q

Ciliates ( )

A

Ciliates (Heterotroph)
● unicellular
● no cell wall
● specialized vacuoles
● gullet
● cilia for movement
● trichocysts (defence)

67
Q

Apicomplexa ( )

A

Apicomplexa (Heterotroph)
● unicellular
● no cell wall
● parasites of animals
● unique organelle to penetrate hosts

68
Q

Diatoms ( )

A

Diatoms (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● unicellular
● move by gliding
● covered by silica shells (glass like)
(Uses: diatomaceous earth)

69
Q

Slime Molds ( )

A

Slime Molds (Heterotroph)
● reproduction: alternate generations
● move by flagella or pseudopods

70
Q

Red Algae ( )

A

Red Algae (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● almost all multicellular
● no cilia or flagella
● cell walls have cellulose

Biology Grade 11 (8 decks)

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