Chapter 2 Flashcards
pathogen (p. 46)
a disease-causing agent, often a virus or micro-organism
mutualism (p. 47)
a relationship between two species that live in very close with each other
antibiotic (p. 47)
a substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms
plasmid (p. 49)
a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells
capsule (p. 49)
an outer layer on some bacteria
coccus (p. 49)
a round bacterial cell
bacillus (p. 49)
a rod-shaped bacterial cell
spirillum (p. 49)
a spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacterial cell
inorganic chemical (p. 49)
a chemical that has an abiotic origin
organic chemical (p. 49)
contains carbon and is produced by living things
obligate aerobe (p. 49)
an organism that cannot survive without oxygen
facultative aerobe (p. 49)
an organism that can live with or without oxygen
fermentation (p. 49)
an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food
obligate anaerobe (p. 49)
an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
binary fission (p. 49)
the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells; a form of asexual reproduction
conjugation (p. 50)
a form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information
transformation (p. 50)
a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment
horizontal gene transfer (p. 50)
any process in which one species gets DNA from a different species
endospore (p. 50)
a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress that protects chromosome from damage
virus (p. 54)
a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule
capsid (p. 54)
a protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus
RNA (ribonucleic acid) (p. 54)
a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses
epidemic (p. 54)
a large-scale outbreak of disease
pandemic (p. 54)
an epidemic that occurs over a widespread geographic area, often globally
bacteriophage (p. 55)
a virus that infects bacteria
lysis (p. 56)
the rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell
lysogeny (p. 56)
a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell’s chromosome for many cell cycle generations
transduction (p. 56)
a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
gene therapy (p. 58)
a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene
viroid (p. 58)
a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants
prion (p. 58)
an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans
endosymbiosis (p. 61)
a relationship in which a single-celled organism lives within the cell(s) of another organism
haploid (p. 64)
a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)
zygote (p. 64)
a cell formed by the fusion of two sex cells; the zygote is diploid (2n)
diploid (p. 64)
a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)
sporophyte (p. 65)
a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle
spore (p. 65)
a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual
gametophyte (p. 65)
a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells
alternation of generations (p. 65)
a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle
The six kingdoms are:
Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia.
Prokaryotes
Lack membrane bound organelles
Smallest organisms on Earth
Diverse habitats (symbiotic, remote, extreme)
Outnumber all living things on Earth
Proteobacteria /Purple Bacteria
photosynthesis
euk mitochondria
Green Bacteria
photosynthesize (different than plants)
habitat: salt water or hot springs (usually)
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
photosynthesize
euk chloroplasts
producers aquatic ecosystems
Gram + Bacteria
used in food production
some of lost cell walls
Spirochetes
spiral shaped flagellum
move like corkscrews
cause syphilis
Chlamydias
all are parasitic
cause trachoma (leading cause of human blindness)
Shapes of Eubacteria are:
Coccus / cocci (sphere)
Bacillus / bacilli (rod)
Spirillum/spirlli (spiral)
Metabolism (Asexual)
Asexual: binary fission
Metabolism (Sexual)
conjugation
Methanogens
live in low O2 enviros (swamps, marshes, lagoons)
make energy via making methane
Halophiles
salt loving
live in Dead Sea,preserved foods
Thermophiles
live in hot springs/geothermal vents
Psychrophiles
cold loving
live in Arctic/Antarctic waters & cold depths
What are Prokaryotes?
Single called organism
● No membrane-bound nucleus
● Prokaryotic refers to “before the nucleus”
What is Eukaryotes?
● Have a membrane-bound nucleus
● More complex internal structure
● On average larger than prokaryotes
● Eukaryotic refers to “with” nucleus
Kingdom Protista
most diverse kingdom
● not based on phylogeny - more like a junk drawer …. they do not form a natural group or clade
● size varies from small (single cellular, amoeba) to large (multicellular, green kelp)
green algae are common in —————
freshwater
red and brown algae are common in —.————
marine environments
Protists were the ———- eukaryotes
first
The phylogenetic tree shows that protists are closely related to—-, ——— and ————
fungi
animals
plants
Mitochondria
● have their own internal chromosomes
● reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell
● believe originated from endosymbiosis
Chloroplasts
have their own internal chromosomes
reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell
believe originated from endosymbiosis
Prokaryotes Physical Characteristics
most are unicellular ….. but some are multicelullar
● some autotrophic and some heterotrophic
● multiple movement strategies and some are stationary
● multiple reproduction strategies
● diverse metabolisms
Euglenoids ( )
Euglenoids (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● unicellular
● chloroplasts
● eyespot (a light filter)
● no cell wall - rather a pellicle
(support layer of stiff proteins) … pellicle allows for unique movement
● flagellum (usually 2, one internal)
● reproduce by binary fission
Ciliates ( )
Ciliates (Heterotroph)
● unicellular
● no cell wall
● specialized vacuoles
● gullet
● cilia for movement
● trichocysts (defence)
Apicomplexa ( )
Apicomplexa (Heterotroph)
● unicellular
● no cell wall
● parasites of animals
● unique organelle to penetrate hosts
Diatoms ( )
Diatoms (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● unicellular
● move by gliding
● covered by silica shells (glass like)
(Uses: diatomaceous earth)
Slime Molds ( )
Slime Molds (Heterotroph)
● reproduction: alternate generations
● move by flagella or pseudopods
Red Algae ( )
Red Algae (Autotroph photosynthetic)
● almost all multicellular
● no cilia or flagella
● cell walls have cellulose
