Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Grade 11 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen (p. 46)

A

a disease-causing agent, often a virus or micro-organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mutualism (p. 47)

A

a relationship between two species that live in very close with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antibiotic (p. 47)

A

a substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plasmid (p. 49)

A

a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

capsule (p. 49)

A

an outer layer on some bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coccus (p. 49)

A

a round bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bacillus (p. 49)

A

a rod-shaped bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spirillum (p. 49)

A

a spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inorganic chemical (p. 49)

A

a chemical that has an abiotic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

organic chemical (p. 49)

A

contains carbon and is produced by living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

obligate aerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that cannot survive without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

facultative aerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fermentation (p. 49)

A

an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

obligate anaerobe (p. 49)

A

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

binary fission (p. 49)

A

the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells; a form of asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

conjugation (p. 50)

A

a form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

transformation (p. 50)

A

a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

horizontal gene transfer (p. 50)

A

any process in which one species gets DNA from a different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endospore (p. 50)

A

a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress that protects chromosome from damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

virus (p. 54)

A

a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

capsid (p. 54)

A

a protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid) (p. 54)

A

a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

epidemic (p. 54)

A

a large-scale outbreak of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pandemic (p. 54)

A

an epidemic that occurs over a widespread geographic area, often globally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
bacteriophage (p. 55)
a virus that infects bacteria
26
lysis (p. 56)
the rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell
27
lysogeny (p. 56)
a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell's chromosome for many cell cycle generations
28
transduction (p. 56)
a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
29
gene therapy (p. 58)
a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene
30
viroid (p. 58)
a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants
31
prion (p. 58)
an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans
32
endosymbiosis (p. 61)
a relationship in which a single-celled organism lives within the cell(s) of another organism
33
haploid (p. 64)
a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)
34
zygote (p. 64)
a cell formed by the fusion of two sex cells; the zygote is diploid (2n)
35
diploid (p. 64)
a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)
36
sporophyte (p. 65)
a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle
37
spore (p. 65)
a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual
38
gametophyte (p. 65)
a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells
39
alternation of generations (p. 65)
a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle
40
The six kingdoms are:
Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia.
41
Prokaryotes
Lack membrane bound organelles Smallest organisms on Earth Diverse habitats (symbiotic, remote, extreme) Outnumber all living things on Earth
42
Proteobacteria /Purple Bacteria
photosynthesis euk mitochondria
43
Green Bacteria
photosynthesize (different than plants) habitat: salt water or hot springs (usually)
44
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
photosynthesize euk chloroplasts producers aquatic ecosystems
45
Gram + Bacteria
used in food production some of lost cell walls
46
Spirochetes
spiral shaped flagellum move like corkscrews cause syphilis
47
Chlamydias
all are parasitic cause trachoma (leading cause of human blindness)
48
Shapes of Eubacteria are:
Coccus / cocci (sphere) Bacillus / bacilli (rod) Spirillum/spirlli (spiral)
49
Metabolism (Asexual)
Asexual: binary fission
50
Metabolism (Sexual)
conjugation
51
Methanogens
live in low O2 enviros (swamps, marshes, lagoons) make energy via making methane
52
Halophiles
salt loving live in Dead Sea,preserved foods
53
Thermophiles
live in hot springs/geothermal vents
54
Psychrophiles
cold loving live in Arctic/Antarctic waters & cold depths
55
What are Prokaryotes?
Single called organism ● No membrane-bound nucleus ● Prokaryotic refers to “before the nucleus”
56
What is Eukaryotes?
● Have a membrane-bound nucleus ● More complex internal structure ● On average larger than prokaryotes ● Eukaryotic refers to “with” nucleus
57
Kingdom Protista
most diverse kingdom ● not based on phylogeny - more like a junk drawer .... they do not form a natural group or clade ● size varies from small (single cellular, amoeba) to large (multicellular, green kelp)
58
green algae are common in —————
freshwater
59
red and brown algae are common in —.————
marine environments
60
Protists were the ———- eukaryotes
first
61
The phylogenetic tree shows that protists are closely related to—-, ——— and ————
fungi animals plants
62
Mitochondria
● have their own internal chromosomes ● reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell ● believe originated from endosymbiosis
63
Chloroplasts
have their own internal chromosomes reproduce independently by binary fission inside a eukaryotic cell believe originated from endosymbiosis
64
Prokaryotes Physical Characteristics
most are unicellular ..... but some are multicelullar ● some autotrophic and some heterotrophic ● multiple movement strategies and some are stationary ● multiple reproduction strategies ● diverse metabolisms
65
Euglenoids ( )
Euglenoids (Autotroph photosynthetic) ● unicellular ● chloroplasts ● eyespot (a light filter) ● no cell wall - rather a pellicle (support layer of stiff proteins) ... pellicle allows for unique movement ● flagellum (usually 2, one internal) ● reproduce by binary fission
66
Ciliates ( )
Ciliates (Heterotroph) ● unicellular ● no cell wall ● specialized vacuoles ● gullet ● cilia for movement ● trichocysts (defence)
67
Apicomplexa ( )
Apicomplexa (Heterotroph) ● unicellular ● no cell wall ● parasites of animals ● unique organelle to penetrate hosts
68
Diatoms ( )
Diatoms (Autotroph photosynthetic) ● unicellular ● move by gliding ● covered by silica shells (glass like) (Uses: diatomaceous earth)
69
Slime Molds ( )
Slime Molds (Heterotroph) ● reproduction: alternate generations ● move by flagella or pseudopods
70
Red Algae ( )
Red Algae (Autotroph photosynthetic) ● almost all multicellular ● no cilia or flagella ● cell walls have cellulose

Biology Grade 11 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions