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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

when are artifact not obviously used by humans

A

Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic

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2
Q

Eoliths

A

pieces of stone found at the beginning of the 20th C in the Lower Pleistocene

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3
Q

what was thought about the shaping of eoliths

A

they were naturally made

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4
Q

why were eoliths naturally made

A

there were irregular scars and no bulb formed

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5
Q

what is helpful when examining eoliths

A

context

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6
Q

why are crude tools harder to distinguish

A

monkeys have been using tools to crack nuts and leaving cutmarks behind

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7
Q

types of tools found at a site

A

clues to function

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8
Q

finished tools often turn up in sites

A

FAR from the stone source

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9
Q

core

A

the main part of the stone from which the material was removed until the desired shape

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10
Q

primary flake

A

first flake struck off

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11
Q

have some material of the outer surface or cortex

A

primary flake

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12
Q

trimming flakes

A

struck off to achieve the final shape

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13
Q

how can edges of a core be retouched

A

removing secondary flakes

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14
Q

can the flakes be used as tools too

A

YES

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15
Q

what does the history of stone tool making show

A

sporadically increasing degree of refinement over time

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16
Q

first recognizable tool

A

simple choppers and flakes made from knocking pieces off

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17
Q

microliths

A

tiny stone tools

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18
Q

Acheulian

A

evolved over thousands of years

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19
Q

Acheulian period were making

A

hand-axes

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20
Q

Oldowan industry

A

earliest stone tools

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21
Q

Oldowan industry had tools like

A

simple choppers and flakes

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22
Q

Levallois Technique

A

careful preparation of a core for ONE flake to be used

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23
Q

wasteful and extremely difficult

A

Levallois technique

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24
Q

upper paleolithic

A

possible to remove numerous parallel sided blades from a SINGLE stone

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25
Q

blades were retouched to form specialized tools

A

upper paleolithic

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26
Q

less wasteful way of making tools

A

upper paleolithic

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27
Q

Chaine Operatoire

A

sequence of manufacturing steps

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28
Q

a task that would be easier if the knapping was done in one place and ALL the waste material is present

A

Chain Operatoire

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29
Q

two principal approaches to assessing what decisions the knapper made

A
  1. replication
  2. refitting
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30
Q

refitting of stone tools

A

attempting to put tools and flakes back together again

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31
Q

a single tool can be used for _______ purposes

A

many

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32
Q

only direct proof of function is to study

A

the minute traces of microwear patterns that remain on the original tools

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33
Q

allows to follow the stages of the knapper’s craft and movement around the site

A

refitting

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34
Q

provides a dynamic POV on the spatial distribution of tools

A

refitting

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35
Q

even the hardest stones do what

A

retrain traces of their use

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36
Q

what kind of traces remain on stone

A

variety of polishes and striations

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37
Q

different kinds of polish are

A

distinguishable and are very durable

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38
Q

the function of a set of tools

A

results that can transform our picture of activity at a site

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39
Q

what kind of wear traces are being examined with microwear analysis

A
  1. edge flaking
  2. surface characteristics of polish
  3. orientation of striations on a stone tool
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40
Q

what did all synthetic materials depend on

A

the control of heat

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41
Q

first step in developing a new technique and tools was

A

mastery of fire

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42
Q

pyrotechnology

A

the control of fire

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43
Q

did the Paleolithic people not know how to make pottery

A

Not sure, it’s possible

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44
Q

why is there a lack of pottery for the Paleolithic people

A

they had a mobile life

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45
Q

what does adoption of pottery coincide with

A

a more stable way of life

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46
Q

temper

A

the filler incorporated to give added strength and workability

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47
Q

what counteracts cracking or shrinkage during firing

A

temper

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48
Q

most common temper materials (7)

A
  1. crushed shell
  2. crushed rock
  3. crushed pottery
  4. sand
  5. grass
  6. straw
  7. fragments of sponge
49
Q

finer the temper means

A

the stronger the pot

50
Q

_____ is relatively late in the history of technology

A

glass materials

51
Q

what was easy and cheap to make

A

glass

52
Q

why was glass easy and cheap to make

A

melting of sand and cooling it again

53
Q

what happens when the temps for glass are lowered

A

result in poor-quality of glass

54
Q

what makes a better result in glass

A

adding lime

55
Q

why is ancient glass rare

A

like metal, it can be reused

56
Q

was glass more fragile than pottery

A

NO

57
Q

faience

A

a kind of pre-glass

58
Q

earliest glass material

A

faience

59
Q

made by coating a core material of powdered quartz with a alkaline glaze

A

faience

60
Q

can provide evidence for the provenience or source of specific beads

A

faience

61
Q

one of the most useful techniques for the study of early metallurgy

A

metallographic examination

62
Q

copper when under examination can show

A

when the artifact has been worked from native copper

63
Q

Iron when under examination can show

A

lots about the manufactory process that mastery smiths had over their craft

64
Q

annealing

A

heat treatment process that changes the physical (sometimes chemical) properties of a material

65
Q

increases ductility and reduce the hardness to make the metal more workable

A

anneling

66
Q

slag

A

the stone waste matter separated from metals during the smelting of ore

67
Q

produced during the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnace

A

slag

68
Q

alloying

A

the metals are heated until they are molten and mixed and poured into a mold

69
Q

an alloy is a

A

combination of the two elements

70
Q

what was a step forward in metallurgical practice

A

alloying copper with arsenic or tin

71
Q

arsenical-bronze or tin-bronze are bother

A

harder and less brittle than copper

72
Q

what would show great skill in metal work

A

fine metal work

73
Q

how were fine metal work methods found

A

careful examination without more sophisticated analysis

74
Q

filigree

A

form of intricate metalwork achieved by shaping delicate wire pieces into designs

75
Q

example of filigree

A

jewelry

76
Q

granulation

A

surface is covered with spherule or granules or precious metals

77
Q

plating

A

method of bonding metals together

78
Q

radiocarbon dates of the Pleistocene age extend back more than

A

30 000 years

79
Q

North American side of the debate at Pedra Furada

A

there was NO human occupation in the New World before 12 000

80
Q

other side of the debate at Pedra Furada

A

there could have been humans occupying the New World earlier

81
Q

what was the aim for the site at Pedra Furada

A

distinguish between human and natural agencies in the site’s general contents

82
Q

what made the natural objects different than the human made ones at Pedra Furada

A
  1. natural flaking never affected more than 1 side
  2. never removes more than three flakes
  3. never produces “retouch”
83
Q

attributes of tools

A
  1. morphology
  2. function
84
Q

morphology

A

shape (how we describe it)

85
Q

morphology can also be

A

quantifiable

86
Q

quantifiable

A

measurements of the tools

87
Q

function of stone tools

A

we don’t describe function because it’s not concrete

88
Q

chipped tools were made by

A

smacking the rock

89
Q

why can’t chipped tools be used to date

A

they change dramatically but consistently

90
Q

ground tools made by

A

applying pressure to the rock

91
Q

what kind of stone was time consuming

A

ground tools

92
Q

what looks the same for 1000s of years

A

ground tools

93
Q

oldest evidence that survives the best

A

stone tools

94
Q

retouching

A

slowly grind the tool with bone to remove tiny pieces

95
Q

rectangular

A
  1. blades
  2. bladelets
96
Q

parallel

A
  1. blades
  2. bladelets
97
Q

> 12 mm

A

blades

98
Q

8 to 12 mm

A

bladelets

99
Q

choppers

A

tool one side is round and the other is used to bash

100
Q

projectile points are an example of

A

microliths

101
Q

primary clay

A

clay that was apart of stone (natural site)

102
Q

secondary clay

A

clay that was transported from the original break-down

103
Q

smooth, even clay

A

secondary clay

104
Q

different sized particles of clay

A

primary clay

105
Q

what is the pottery heated in

A

a kiln

106
Q

types of decorations of pottery

A
  1. incised
  2. applique
  3. paint
  4. slip
  5. wash
107
Q

with a wash, we can see

A

the original pot colour

108
Q

with a slip, the clay is

A

dipped into other colours

109
Q

classification of pottery

A
  1. ware
  2. decoration
  3. form
110
Q

ware is the

A

kind of clay it’s made from

111
Q

form is not

A

the function

112
Q

were can textiles be found

A
  1. bog bodies
  2. tombs
  3. frozen
113
Q

how can flax be finished

A
  1. fulling
  2. dyeing
  3. tanning
114
Q

tanning is mostly done with

A

animal hide in the sun

115
Q

what does tanning do

A

bleaches the animal skin

116
Q

dyeing is done by

A

dipping the flax into clay or paint

117
Q

fulling is done for

A

animal skin

118
Q

fulling dips animal skin into

A

urine

119
Q

what is not waterproof

A

animal skins that have been finished with fulling

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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