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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Most ancient plant evidence

A

macrobotanical remains

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2
Q

how can plant remains be preserved

A
  1. waterlogging
  2. charring
  3. desiccated
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3
Q

waterlogging can preserve plants through

A

wet screening

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4
Q

charring can preserve plants through

A

flotation

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5
Q

desiccation can be preserved through

A

dry screening

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6
Q

best way to preserve plants

A

absence of moisture or fresh air

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7
Q

where can evidence of past behavior be preserved

A
  1. wells and pits
  2. hearths
  3. latrines
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8
Q

Wadi Kubbaniya

A

Four sites that have produced some of the most diverse assemblages of food plant remains

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9
Q

where is material concentrated in Wadi Kubbaniya

A

around hearths of wood charcoal

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10
Q

what was NOT used for the material at Wadi Kubbaniya

A

flotation

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11
Q

why was flotation NOT used at Wadi Kubbaniya

A

the material was fragile and disintegrate in water

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12
Q

what WAS used at Wadi Kubbaniya

A

dry screening

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13
Q

what is important in nutgrass tubers

A

tons of these tubers could have been obtained and could have resulted in a system being developed

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14
Q

when were nutgrass tubers eaten in Africa

A

when food was low

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15
Q

why were nutgrass tubers preferred over seeds

A

involved less work in processing

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16
Q

what was being studied at the Wadi Kubbaniya site

A

whether the occupation was seasonal or not

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17
Q

when was nutgrass avaliable

A

only half the year

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18
Q

does the nutgrass show that the Wadi Kubbaniya site could ONLY have been used seasonally

A

NO, there could have been food storages or other sources

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19
Q

what does it mean when plants are only available at certain times

A

clues about when a site was occupied

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20
Q

seasonal plants can show what

A

was eaten in a particular season

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21
Q

what do ripe seeds show

A

harvest time

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22
Q

what does past seasonality of plants need to be

A

predicted from modern representatives of the plants in question

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23
Q

what can food storage indicate

A

the site was used beyond the seasons of a specific resource

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24
Q

what is debated about some plants

A

whether they were wild or domesticated

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25
Q

what does domesticated plants show about society

A

how it shifted from mobile hunter-gatherers to a settled way of life

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26
Q

why is it not always easy to distinguish between wild and domesticated plants

A

the morphology doesn’t always change

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27
Q

what is little use for the study of domestication

A

pollen grains

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28
Q

why is pollen not useful in domestication

A

not able to differentiate between wild and domestic plants

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29
Q

Neolithic revolution was coined by

A

Gordon Childe

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30
Q

Neolithic Revolution is a period

A

when humans began cultivating plants, breeding animals for food and forming permanent settlements

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31
Q

what resulted in the birth of agriculture

A

Neolithic Revolution

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32
Q

what led to widespread development of settled village life

A

Neolithic Revolution

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33
Q

what were association of animal bones used for

A

proof that humans were responsible for the presence of faunal remains

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34
Q

what were many of assemblages NOT

A

associated with human tools

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35
Q

what is attempting to differentiate between marks on bones

A

those of human tools and those by other animals

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36
Q

cutmarks on bones are being examined to prove that humans were

A

genuine hunters or scavengers

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37
Q

what had to be used to examine cutmarks on bones

A

microscopes because the marks were too similar to the naked eye

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38
Q

what is used as a replica of bones

A

resin replicas

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39
Q

why were resin replica used to examine bones

A
  1. easier to handle
  2. easier to transport
  3. easier to store
  4. less fragile
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40
Q

what needs to be studied to prove human intervention with cutmarks

A

context of the bones

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41
Q

the amount of meat on bones depends on

A
  1. sex
  2. age
  3. season of death
  4. geographical variations in body size and nutrition
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42
Q

when is sexing easier

A

when the male and female are anatomically different

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43
Q

what can provide two distinct clusters of results in sexing

A

the different size of feet

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44
Q

large feet are more

A

males

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45
Q

smaller feet are more

A

females

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46
Q

what is age of bones assessed from

A
  1. degree of closure of the skull
  2. fusion of limb shafts and their epiphyses
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47
Q

what is age of prehistoric bones compared with

A

those of modern populations

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48
Q

how is the age an animal was killed estimated

A

eruption and wear patterns of the teeth

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49
Q

how can the seasonality of bones be studied

A

identification of species only available at a certain time of the year

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50
Q

what are bone samples from screening likely to have

A

more small bones

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51
Q

conditions for bone preservation differ

A

from site to site

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52
Q

working through a sample, bones are identified as being

A
  1. fully identified fragments
  2. undiagnostic pieces that might belong to one or several speices
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53
Q

Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)

A

expresses the least number of animals that were needed to account for the bone sample

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54
Q

MNI calculations are based on

A

the most abundant identified bone for each species

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55
Q

when does MNI have little meaing

A

with small samples

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56
Q

Number of identified specimens (NISP)

A

simplest calculation of relative species abundance

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57
Q

what are the identified bones of each species expressed as in NISP

A

precentage of total bone sample

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58
Q

how could the NISP results be misleading by

A

sites with different ages, conditions of preservation or recovery standard

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59
Q

what survives better than bones

A

teeth

60
Q

what can be counted in teeth

A

the growth rings around a tooth

61
Q

what happens when counting tooth growth rings

A

the tooth is destroyed

62
Q

what do most teeth assessments rely on

A

eruption and wear

63
Q

how can we assign a rough age to teeth

A

presence of absence of milk teeth

64
Q

how can an assessment of wear be subjective

A
  1. need a complete or almost complete tooth
  2. depends on diet
  3. does NOT occur at a constant rate
65
Q

_____ wear down faster than ______ teeth

A

young and older

66
Q

Attritional age profile

A

overrepresentation of young and old animals in relation to their numbers in live populations

67
Q

what is the natural context of the attritional age profile

A

suggests death by starvation, disease, accident or predation

68
Q

what is the archaeological context of the attritional age profile

A

scavenging or hunting by humans of the most vulnerable

69
Q

catastrophic age profile

A

pattern that corresponds to what is thought to be a natural age distribution

70
Q

catastrophic age profile would suggest the older age group

A

the less individuals there is

71
Q

the context that the catastrophic age profile could be found in

A

flash flood
epidemics
volcanic eruption

72
Q

what is the catastrophic age profile based on

A

the WHOLE population being destroyed

73
Q

how can the season of death be found

A

counting the teeth growth rings

74
Q

Site of Kidosaku

A

studied the 10 circular dwelling pits on the site

75
Q

the max population of Kidosaku was estimated at

A

23 people

76
Q

most abundant shells at Kidosaku

A

mollusk (bivalve)

77
Q

where clams the only staple food source at Kidosaku

A

NO

78
Q

when is the growth rings the thickest of clams

A

in the summer

79
Q

when is the growth rings the thinnest of clams

A

in the winter

80
Q

Midden

A

old dump for domestic waste

81
Q

what does midden consist of

A

animal bones
human excrement
botanical material
mollusk shells
lithics

82
Q

what does mass spectrometer show about residues in vessels

A

record of molecular fragments in a residue

83
Q

how were Egyptian vessels of the 1st and 2nd dynasties found

A

chemical analysis

84
Q

chemical analysis

A

identify the contents, composition and quality of the materials used in product development

85
Q

what was identified in vessels in Japan

A

dolphin fat in potshards

86
Q

gas-liquid chromatography

A

very sensitive method of measuring components of complex volatile compounds

87
Q

secondary products revolution

A

idea that there was a second and later stage of domestication

88
Q

what happened in the 4th millennium BCE

A

shift in the exploitation of domesticated animals

89
Q

what was exploited during the second products revolution

A

animals for milk, cheese, wool and animal traction

90
Q

what was the cause of the secondary products revolution

A

population growth and territorial expansions

91
Q

what was the primary evidence of the secondary products revolution

A

artistic evidence

92
Q

what did an isotopic analysis of human tooth enamel and bone collagen reveal

A

lots about long-term food intake

93
Q

what did methods rely on for isotopic analysis

A

chemical signatures left in the body by different foods

94
Q

3 divisions of plants

A
  1. temperate
  2. tropical land plants
  3. marine plants
95
Q

what are the different groups of plants based on

A

the carbon isotopes of C-12 and C-13

96
Q

what is the C-13 to C-12 ration in the atmosphere

A

1:100

97
Q

C3 plants

A

fix carbon dioxide initially to a 3-carbon molecule

98
Q

what uses less C-13

A

C3 plants

99
Q

trees, shrubs and temperate grasses are

A

C3 plants

100
Q

C4 plants

A

fix carbon dioxide initially to a 4-carbon molecule

101
Q

tropical and savanna plants are

A

C4 plants

102
Q

the ratio found in bone collagen is

A

directly related to that in plants

103
Q

what was used to shine light onto the disappearance of the first Norse settlements

A

isotope studies

104
Q

starting point of farming was seen first by

A

Gordon Childe

105
Q

what was the main issue with farming origins

A

domestication - had to be close to the wild form of the animal or plant

106
Q

best way to study present-day distribution of the species

A

rainfall and vegetation maps

107
Q

one of the world’s first towns

A

Catalhouk

108
Q

Eric Higgs argued what

A

some shift in behavior when back earlier than the Neolithic period

109
Q

Lewis Binford had the idea of

A

the idea that pre-farming phase would have population pressures = intensive use of domesticated plants and animals

110
Q

Barbara Bender

A

thought motivation was social and based on trying to achieve dominance over other societies through resource consumption

111
Q

Jacques Cauvin

A

neolithic revolution was cognitive development with religion being a huge factor

112
Q

The boarding school site was

A

not a cliff but a lower drop that led to a natural enclosure

113
Q

when was the boarding school bison drive used

A

intermittently for long periods as a temp camp

114
Q

the 3rd bone layer at the boarding school site was made from

A

100 bison of mostly calves, cows and young bulls

115
Q

2nd bone layer at the boarding school site was made from

A

150 bison driven over the edge of mature bulls with no calves

116
Q

1st bone layer at the boarding school site was made from

A

30 bison with evidence of light butchering

117
Q

what does the latest layer of the boarding school show about the camp

A

the distance was longer

118
Q

what evidence showed the boarding school site as ONLY a kill site

A

the lack of pottery

119
Q

Gull Lake bison drive site

A

five bone layers were found

120
Q

one layer at the Gull Lake bison drive site had

A

900 bison remains

121
Q

when did the drives begin at Gull Lake bison drive site

A

in the late 2nd Century CE

122
Q

paleobotany

A

study of ancient plants

123
Q

types of paleobotany

A
  1. macrobotanical remains
  2. microbotanical remains
124
Q

types of macrobotanical remains

A
  1. dessicated
  2. waterlogged
  3. mineralized
  4. charred
125
Q

when is statistical analysis meaningless

A

with macrobotanical remains

126
Q

how do archaeologists get materials while excavating

A

soil samples

127
Q

3 elements of ancient food

A
  1. diet and cuisine
  2. technology
  3. organization
128
Q

parts of diet and cuisine

A
  1. nutritional element
  2. cultural element
129
Q

4 primary types of subsistence

A
  1. hunter-gatherers/foragers
  2. horiculture
  3. pastoralism
  4. intensive agriculture
130
Q

hunter-gatherers only intervene in the animal life cycle to

A

hunt and kill

131
Q

horticulture

A

small level of gardening that is NOT the main source of food

132
Q

pastoralism

A

the management and interaction of animal life cycles

133
Q

intensive agriculture

A

growing crops on a large scale that are the foundation of the diet

134
Q

Kebaran Period

A

18 000 to 11 000 BCE

135
Q

permanent settlement sites

A

Kebaran Period

136
Q

adoption of cereals into the diet

A

Kebaran Period

137
Q

evidence of cereals in the diet of the Kebaran Period

A
  1. sickles with silica sheen
  2. stone mortars and pounding equipment
138
Q

Natufian Period

A

11 000 to 9 300 BCE

139
Q

more evidence of cereal adoption

A

Natufian Period

140
Q

less animal in the diet

A

Natufian Period

141
Q

where was evidence of cereal adoption in the Natufian Period

A
  1. grinding stones
  2. hearths
  3. storage pits
142
Q

the Natufian Period showed what shift

A

burning seeds shows wild to the domestication of plants

143
Q

how can one tell if a tool was used for farming

A

the silica sheen that is left from the plant

144
Q

what is useful for studying diet

A

isotopic analysis

145
Q

what is useful for Mesoamerica

A

chemical reagents

146
Q

assessment of dietary contribution

A

how many calories will be gained from a cut of meat

147
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

the logical choice of food based on whether the spent calories are worth the ones gained from the meat

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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