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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

one of the main tasks of archaeologists

A

find and recover the location of sites and features

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2
Q

A significant number of sites were found by

A

accident

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3
Q

who search for the full range of sites and features, that make up the diversity of past landscapes

A

Archaeologists who have systematically attempted to record these sites

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4
Q

Ground reconnaissance primarily involves

A

fieldwork

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5
Q

how can one find sites with ground reconnaissance?

A

by consulting documentary sources

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6
Q

Modern Biblical Archaeology

A

The search for evidence of places, people and events from Old and New testament

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7
Q

Modern biblical archaeology links

A

biblical places to archaeological known ones

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8
Q

how can the Bible not be a good source of documentary material

A

Absolute believe in religion truths = clouding of impartial assessment of validity

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9
Q

another ground reconnaissance documentary source

A

maps and old street names

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10
Q

what is the role of archaeologists in cultural resource management

A

Locate and record sites before they are destroyed

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11
Q

Many sites are recorded in inventories under the ________ laws

A

cultural resource management (CRM)

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12
Q

Other ways to look for sites without documentary sources

A

Look for the most prominent remains in a landscape

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13
Q

Why are maps a traditional way of finding sites

A

Ancient people would have put the sites on maps

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14
Q

what is the Madaba Map

A

It helped identify the location of ancient sites mentioned in the Bible

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15
Q

where was the Madaba Map found

A

under the floor of a church

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16
Q

what to do when doing salvage archaeology

A

Make sure some of the sites are worth saving and which ones aren’t before they are damaged beyond repair

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17
Q

reconnaissance survey goals

A
  1. identify sites (especially the dates)
  2. survey around sites to understand smaller settlements
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18
Q

why are dates important in reconnaissance survey

A

Important for presenting information and how the whole area was used during the specific times

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19
Q

why don’t we only want to study the big cities

A

need to understand the interactions of smaller cities within a larger site

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20
Q

benefits of reconnaissance survey

A
  1. cheaper than excavation
  2. less destructive than excavation
  3. provides different and useful information
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21
Q

what do people do in a reconnaissance survey

A

people to walk around and nothing is being taken

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22
Q

what happens to the material as we work through it

A

it gets destoryed

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23
Q

tell

A

thousands of years of occupation

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24
Q

why build on the same spot

A
  1. Better to be on higher ground to avoid any water damage
  2. Higher is better for tactical advantage in battle
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25
Q

why were Roman sites obvious

A

their architecture and mediums
they transformed the area around them

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26
Q

before being a reconnaissance survey, one must

A

establish the region of study and where you want to do the work

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27
Q

after finding and establishing the region, what is done in a reconnaissance survey

A

establish the goals for the site and what you are looking for in specific
1. the whole region
2. only sites in certain periods

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28
Q

after establishing your goals for a reconnaissance survey, then

A

divide the region up so that it becomes more meaningful for analysis

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29
Q

two types of reconnaissance surveys

A
  1. unsystematic
  2. systematic
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30
Q

unsystematic reconnaissance survey uses what

A

walk around and look for sites with your archaeologist skills and intuition

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31
Q

systematic reconnaissance survey avoids what

A

archaeological skills and intuition to avoid the influence of this approach

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32
Q

systematic or ______ reconnaissance

A

probabilistic

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33
Q

systematic reconnaissance surveys entail

A

Walking around and finding surfaces finds

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34
Q

what must surface finds be in systematic reconnaissance

A
  1. things that are diagnostic
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35
Q

what does diagnostic mean

A

an artifact that gives an idea of what kind of site or site age we are looking at

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36
Q

during systematic reconnaissance, we try to avoid

A

looking for finds and instead use grids or transects to look for things

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37
Q

types of probabilistic sampling

A
  1. simple random sampling
  2. stratified random sampling
  3. systematic sampling
  4. stratified unaligned systematic sample
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38
Q

a stratified unaligned systematic sample

A

Divide the territory and carefully systematically choose the areas to sample in a consistent manner

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39
Q

systematic sampling

A

Using a grid system or a series of equally spaced transects (straight paths) across the area and walk them

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40
Q

what is the risk of systematic sampling

A

Regular spacing one runs the risk of missing or hitting every single example in an equally regular pattern of distribution

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41
Q

stratified random sampling

A

· The region is divided into its natural zones
· Squares that are chosen by the random-number procedure but proportional to the natural zones

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42
Q

simple random sampling

A

· Areas to be sampled are chosen using a table of random numbers

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43
Q

what is the most biased or inefficient sampling strategy?

A

simple random sampling

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44
Q

what is the easiest way to define boundaries in a reconnaissance survey

A

using the natural boundaries

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45
Q

aerial reconnaissance also inlcudes

A

remote sensing

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46
Q

crop marks are easier to see in the

A

air than on the ground

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47
Q

crop marks that are not as high and densely packed are over

A

the top of a foundation

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48
Q

crop marks that are high and densely packed are over

A

a trench or hole

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49
Q

ring ditches

A

Could be to surround a village
Defence - keep hoards and kids from wandering away

50
Q

when time are ring ditches found

A

Neolithic

51
Q

what do straight lines mean?

A

human-made structures - won’t be super straight lines in nature

52
Q

instead of using aerial surveillance, we use

A

photographs that are already made

53
Q

what matters when taking aerial photographs

A

the angle

54
Q

vertical photograph

A

picture that is straight done

55
Q

what are vertical photographs good for

A

maps and plans as you can draw the shape perfectly with no distortion from an angle

56
Q

oblique photographs are taken

A

from an angle

57
Q

what is created with oblique photographs

A

shadows

58
Q

oblique photographs are used for

A

pictorial effect and perspective

59
Q

what aerial photography method makes the site more apparent

A

oblique photography

60
Q

what is wrong with the way the Earthworks Hillfort was captured with aerial photos

A

The photo was shot in a direction that makes the ditches look like hills

61
Q

reason Satellite photography is often used

A

Allows us to see things hidden (like under sand)

62
Q

LIDAR is an example of

A

remote sensing

63
Q

LIDAR is used to

A

preserve and make an artifact in 3D

64
Q

GIS means

A

Geographic Information Systems

65
Q

what is GIS

A

A complex computer system that allows us to understand spatial data

66
Q

7 steps of using GIS

A
  1. Excavate/find the site
  2. Measure and make sure to record the location
  3. Draw the find
  4. Digitize the find
  5. Upload the square to the GIS database
  6. Enter in and quarry things to manipulate and sort the evidence
  7. Allows the ability to find patterns and spatial connections
67
Q

what is subsurface detection

A

Used to find a site but not dig into it

68
Q

subsurface detection is used when we want to what

A

know what we are finding in the ground

69
Q

what happens as you dig down at a site

A

things will get damaged

70
Q

benefits of subsurface detection

A
  1. minimizes damage to the site
  2. minimizes the cost to excavate
  3. helps orient you and organize your excavayion
  4. helps see what you are going to be digging before digging
71
Q

what kind of probes are not used in excavation

A

remote probes with a camera on them

72
Q

probes that are used by archaeologists

A

rebar probes

73
Q

how are probes used in archaeology

A

hammer down and find the location of a site by listening to the sounds that are reflected

74
Q

geophysical sensing devices are also known as

A

ground base remote sensing

75
Q

two types of geophysical sensing devices

A
  1. passive
  2. active
76
Q

active geophysical sensing devices

A

pass energy through the soil and measure the responses

77
Q

passive geophysical sensing devices

A

measure the physical properties of the soil like magnetism

78
Q

what is bosing

A

a subsurface detection method where the ground is struck with a wooden mallet and different sounds indicate different finds

79
Q

what are acoustic and seismic methods in geophysical sensing devices

A

bosing

80
Q

what does a dull sound indicate in bosing

A

undisturbed earth

81
Q

what does a resonant sound indicate in bosing

A

buried ditches or pits

82
Q

what is sonar used for in geophysical sensing devices

A

seeing how long a sound will take to return back

83
Q

what does sonar measure and how

A

hard materials under you are by the speed of the waves

84
Q

slow wave return in sonar suggests

A

hard materials

85
Q

fast wave return in sonar suggests

A

soft materials like clay

86
Q

electromagnetic geophysical sensing devices

A

Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

87
Q

how does GPR work

A

uses radio pulses that go down and bounce back

88
Q

what does GPR show

A

a snapshot of what is happening at every level of the site

89
Q

what can be done to the layers shown by GPR

A

can be brought together and drawn

90
Q

electrical resistivity

A

Measuring the electrical properties of the soil

91
Q

what does damp soil mean in electrical resistivity

A

it has better conductivity

92
Q

magnets/magnetometry

A

used to measure the magnetic properties of the soil

93
Q

why does clay show good magnetism

A

fired clay preserved itself as a natural magnet - it creates a distortion

94
Q

Too much pottery at a site means

A

the whole site is pottery and that messes with the results

95
Q

why don’t wooden henges survive well

A

because wood doesn’t survive well

96
Q

what do geophysical devices allow us to do

A

find the site even though we can’t excavate it

97
Q

examples of geophysical devices

A
  1. magnets
  2. electrical resistivity
  3. GPR
  4. seismic and acoustic
  5. bosing
  6. passive
  7. active
98
Q
A

Stratified Unaligned Systematic Sampling

99
Q
A

systematic sampling

100
Q
A

stratified random sampling

101
Q
A

Simple random sample

102
Q

what is an advantage of LIDAR

A

Tree canopies can be eliminated where the laser is able to reach the ground surface through gaps

103
Q

The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project

A

Examined the human transformation of the landscape over 5 000 years

104
Q

The primary goal of the Cyprus Survey Project

A
  • Use archaeological landscape data to analyze the relationship between the production and distribution of agricultural and metal resources over time
  • Chart the changing configurations of society and individuals within it
105
Q

Pottery indicator (PI)

A

Indicated the importance of a specific time period in a unit

106
Q

PI of 500 to 1000

A

A light scatter of pottery from agricultural practises (manuring)

107
Q

PI of 5000

A

The low density of habitation (farmstead)

108
Q

PI of 10 000

A

High density found on major settlements

109
Q

forensic archaeology

A

Combines biological anthropology and archaeological techniques that are presented in a court of law

110
Q

what does evidence in forensic archaeology relate to

A

The recovery of individual homicide victims

Excavation of mass graves for the conviction of those being accused

Recovery and identification of victims in the aftermath of fires

111
Q

significant differences between forensic with traditional archaeology

A

Forensic context

The data will differ from conventional excavations

Questions focus on evidence to help understand the murder

the victim has a name and it’s not looking for generic information about past cultures

The evidence is something not familiar to archaeologists

Excavation has to be done in a way that maintains the evidence for the pathologist to find the cause of death

112
Q

Roman Wroxeter

A

has survived without damage and no succeeding modern settlement was built over it

113
Q

how was GPR used at Roman Wroxeter

A

slices from lower and lower in the ground - resulted the structure of the buildings

114
Q

Most extensive and complete plan available for a Romano- British civitas capital

A

Roman Wroxeter

115
Q

· Three kinds of characteristics attributes for sorting artifacts

A

Surface attributes (includes decoration and color)
Shape attributes (includes dimensions and shape itself)
Technological attributes (primarily raw material)

116
Q

Typology

A

Grouping together artifacts that share similar attributes into artifact types

117
Q

Archaeological cultures

A

Groups of assemblages

118
Q

what is difficult about archaeological cultures

A

to translate this terminology into human terms and relate it to an archaeological culture with actual group of people from the past

119
Q

Step-trenching

A

Large open areas at the top gradually narrows as the dig descends in a series of large steps

120
Q

Open-area excavation

A

Open up large areas and only cut vertical sections where they need to explain complex stratigraphic relationships

121
Q

Gives a preliminary idea of what lies beneath the surface

A

Shovel test pits

122
Q

Used with sites that have poor visibility of the surface

A

shovel test pits

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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