Chapter 1 Flashcards
Nabonidus
Last Mesopotamian King of Babylon
What were Nabonidus’ motivations
His motivations could have been religious
Why could Nabonidus’ motivations have been religious
a. He wanted to be closer to the gods, especially Sin
He built a temple based on the exact instructions that he believed the gods had given him
Why is Nabonidus the first archaeologists?
He was excavating to solve a problem
Used material culture to try and find out about the past
Helena, Mother of Constantine and the mother Euodcia
trying to find the exact spots events took place in the Bible
what were the modern day places of biblical events based on
what people thought are the locations 400 years after
Examples of modern-day places that show the location of historical biblical were
not the exact locations.
Helena, Mother of Constantine and the mother Euodcia were archaeologists because
They used methods of archaeology to find where events took place
al-Mas’udi
visited Nineveh in 943
Ibn
son
ibn Battutah
Wrote about the Mosque of Jonah at Nineveh
Nineveh
important historical site that shows where Jonah was thought to have been spat out by the whale
what did Isis do to the temple of Jonah
destroyed it
how’s “Guidebook for pilgrims” was not a reliable source of information.
Sir John Mandeville’s
Why was Sir John Mandeville’s “Guidebook for pilgrims” not a reliable source of information?
It was greatly exaggerated.
what do Helena, the Mother of Constantine, the mother of Euodcia and Nabonidus have in common
All are religious motivations
People trying to make sense of the historical past
Try to use historical material culture to understand the past
what 4 impacts did the Mongol destruction of Baghdad have
- Europeans began looking for new trading routes
- end to the Golden Age of Islam where the Middle East was the center of learning and science.
- flooding of Greek and Latin manuscripts into Europe that had been otherwise forgotten on the continent.
- influx of Western European travelers into locations with visible and spectacular ancient monuments.
what impact did Greek and Roman culture have on the Renaissance
Put the cultures on a pedestal
Wanted people to embrace their cultures and art forms
what did the discovery of early Christian locations and sites under Rome do
People wanted to find out about the Christian history
Pompeii happen so fast that
every day items and tools were left to be found
what could be found preserved in the ash at Pompeii?
human bodies
what major find did Pompeii preserve
roman paintings and other art
what is significant about the roman art at Pompeii
These are painted on the walls which means not many survive
what does David by Michelangelo show
how the Europeans were using classical art from Rome and Greece as inspiration
what was Carsten Neibuhr sent to do
Sent to prove the Bible was real and bring back evidence of his claims
what was significant about Thomas Jefferson
he pioneered a technique that helped dispel racist notions that had held back archaeology in the United States
what did Thomas Jefferson want to prove with his excavations
He excavated these sights to prove FN could have built them and found the objects left behind
Charles Lyell popularizes what two ideas
- uniformitarianism
- stratigraphy
uniformitarianism
The idea that earth’s processes take place in the same pace now as they did in ancient times
what big idea did uniformitarianism help support
If erosion takes place at the same pace as 2000 years ago. It expands the age that earth has to be
how’s idea did uniformitarianism undermind
James Ussher
Stratigraphy
It’s not random how things are found in the ground
Are deposited in an orderly fashion
what does stratigraphy tell about the different layers of strata
something found up high is more recent (newer) than something lower down
William “strata” Smith
noticed that the same type of fossils appear in the same order all over
James Ussher thought the earth was only
6000 years old
how did James Ussher come up with his idea about the earth
bible after counting back all the ideologies
what is wrong with James Ussher’s use of the Bible to date the earth
the calculations aren’t really possible in the bible
how do developments in Geology and geography help drive archaeology
- Allows us to better understand how the earth’s processes work
- To make sense of things found in the ground
JACQUES BOUCHER DE PERTHES discovered what
tools that are associated with some extinct animals
what did Jacques Boucher de Perthes’s discoveries tell about early humans?
there was much earlier human life than originally thought
what happened in NEANDER VALLEY that changed the game
Extractions changed the game because of the discovery of Neanderthal skulls
Neanderthal skull vs human skull
- different cranial shape
- different brow ridge
- different jaw shape
what was Prehistoric times by John Lubbock about
Cavemen
what stereotypes were believed about cavemen
They were string and hunted for food for the women who stayed behind
what is wrong with the stereotypes of cavemen
- We don’t know if this is true, no good evidence
- If this was the case, should our life be driven by what happened thousands of years ago?
CHARLES DARWIN
did he invent evolution
NO, just put pieces together
Darwin describes
how things with good adaptations can reproduce more than those without good adaptions
according to darwin,
Some features are more beneficial than others
darwin explained that humans have
NOT ALWAYS BEEN BIOLOGICALLY HOW WE ARE NOW
CJ THOMSEN
Tries to make sense of the age of different artifacts
what significant contribution was made by CJ Thomsen
THREE AGE SYSTEM
what is the Three Age system
the sequence of periods that helped with classifying artifacts and producing a chronological order.
periods in the Three Age System
Stone, Bronze, Iron
Paleothilic
Stone age
Mesolithic
middle stone age
Neolithic
new stone age
chalcolithic
copper age
UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Idea that the cultures all evolve and age like humans do
UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION helped scholars do what
make sense of the world
UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION example
Greece, roman and Egypt cultures were once adult cultures (mature) before becoming old and dying out
problems about Unilateral Cultural Evolution
Suggests that all cultures grow and develop at set stages but cultures are diverse and different
TYLOR EDWARD
Developed the idea that society has three stages
three stages of society according to Tylor Edward
Savagery, barbarism, civilization
Savagery
Primitive hunting
barbarism
Simple farming
Civilization
Highest level of society
Problem with Tylor Edward’s view of society
Europeans saw themselves as being “parents” to other countries to ensure they can eventually reach the standard they were at
the idea of Europeans being the parents of other countries allowed them to justify _________ as its their _______
invade other countries , moral/ethical responsibility to help those not at the stage Europeans were at
Lewis Henry Morgan
Developed the 7 levels of First Nation societies
DIFFUSIONISM is the opposite to
Unilateral evolution
DIFFUSIONISM
Things are developed in one location one time before spreading throughout the world
issue with diffusionism
why does something have to be developed only once?
Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt to study
Flora
Fauna
Artifacts
People
why did Napolean study and document everything in Egypt
He thought to conquer a land you had to understand their land and convince them that you were the right person to conquer them
what key idea by Napolean influenced how Europeans conquered countries
You had to understand and master the culture
Staffage
Stance people have
what does staffage mention about people
people that are upright are better than those that are crouching doing something
what argument was used to take antiquities away from cultures
- These people live here, they don’t really understand these artifacts
- we are the true rulers of this culture and have the connection to the artifacts
what did the one center of world culture inspire
hint: it was in Egypt at this time before France
people in Europe became obsessed with Egypt and all the designs
Rosetta stone had what languages on it
- Egyptian at the top and Below are different Greek writing systems
why did the Rosetta stone help crack the Eygptian code
scholars could read the ancient greek which said the same thing as the Egyptian hieroglyphs
Once the Egyptian code was cracked what was available
All Egyptian history
Homer wrote two works
Iliad and Odysseys
what did Homer find
City of Troy
Austen Henry Layard
He worked at Nineveh (Mosque of Jonah)
where specifically did Austen Henry Layard work
Nimrud
what kinds of techniques did Austen Henry Layard use
digging long tunnels
Colonial Antiquities Authority
a governmental agency that comes to be in charge of archaeology
Archaeology has changed into being something governed by the state or government (three pieces of evidence)
- They have the responsibility for artifacts
- Now stuff is meant to be in museums
- Can’t go buy a site and start digging
what is a problematic aspect of archaeology still a part of it today
Imperialism
Arthur Evans found what while excavating at Crete
writting systems that didn’t look like Greece
What culture was named by Arthur Evans
MINONAS
Leonard Wooley and TE Lawrence did what
used an archaeologist cover to be spies
what was TE Lawrence’s goal as a spy
how many people would overthrow the Ottoman empire
did TE Lawrence gain enough support to overthrow Ottoman Empire?
YES
what Site made TE Lawrence famous
UR
what did TE Lawrence find at UR
a royal cemetery
Howard Carter
Discovered King Tutt’s tomb
what was significant about how Carter excavated King Tut
He didn’t tear out everything from the tomb, spent his career carefully recording and detailing every found that he found.
the curse of King Tut is
not real
how did the curse of king tut become a thing
No other newspaper agency could publish Carter’s finds
so they came up with the idea about the curse
who funded the excavation of king tut
Lord Carnarvon
A key part of archaeological work:
Think about recording exactly what you find and where you find it
Augustus Pitt-Rivers
Decided not to dig everything up at his estate but rather he dug trenches down and very carefully as he digs
what other techniques did Pitt-Rivers use while excavating
- very accurate maps
- digs in a straight line with straight edges
Sir William Flinders Petrie
Figured out how to use the style of artifacts to date them
seriation
a dating technique where artifacts and assemblages are separated and classified by style
sir Mortimer wheeler developed two key features
- Should have field schools to teach
Have to be trained how to dig
wheeler -Kenyon method
a. Divide up a sit into grids
b. Dig only in that grid
c. A wall would form between grids called a BALK
what does looking in a BALK show
if something was missed
what does the wheeler-Kenyon method allow
lots of control while digging
2 main concerns thought during the classificatory historical period
- establish regional chronologies
- describe the development of culture in an area
why was there a divide in archaeology
Some countries had ancient texts to work on
America was using anthropological methods
why is the idea of OLD VS NEW worlds wrong
Gives Europeans the idea that they have precedence over the other “old” archaeology countries
New world archaeologist trained
more in anthropology
Old world archaeologists trained
history or language
The new world had the
Direct Historical Approach and enthology
Direct Historical Approach
People who live in that region have some kind of connection to the people living in that region in the past
the direct historical approach did not
use historical texts
Ethnology
comparing different elements of cultures cross-culturally
Old World had
- texts
- three age system
when did the Old world begin
prehistoric period
Franz Boa was against
- uni-lineal evolution and those ideas
- generalizing a culture
Franz Boas developed
HISTORICAL Particularism
HISTORICAL Particularism
every culture is unique and should be thought on it’s own terms
who embraced historical particularism
anthroplogists
V Gordon Childe argued two things
craft specialization
revolutions
what is craft specialization
The idea that societies get more complex as people get more specific jobs
according to craft specialization, as jobs get more complex
cultures get more complex
what revolutions did Childe argue about
farmer’s revolution
Suddenly everyone stops farming
Urban revolutions
Everybody starts living in cities
midwestern taxonomic system
This system standardised the way we talk and describe artifacts
cultural evolution argues that
humans are life any other biological group
how does cultural evolution argue humans are like other biological groups
the culture was our primary adaption to the environment
who developed cultural evolution
Julian Stewards
Conjunctive Approach argued that
Everything archaeologist were doing to this point was pointless
what does the conjunctive approach want
Have different specialists come out to the site to help gain more information about that site’s past and its artifacts
what is the result of the Conjunctive approach on archaeology
a whole bunch of experts working together to figure out the questions brought up by the site
Willard Libby made us stop thinking about what
chronology
how did Libby stop us from thinking about chronology
Made the announcement of the radiocarbon dating
radiocarbon dating
Date things in the lab with a radiocarbon sample
what was the result of radiocarbon dating
Archaeology could focus on some many more interesting questions
processual archaeology is also known as
new arcaheology
Processual Archaeology and the idea of proving something
Everything has to be proved and worked by the scientific method, nothing based on word of another
Processual Archaeology was not a fan of
historical records
Processual Archaeology and the idea of change
Change has to also happen internally, it cannot only be done my people moving into a site
why are processual archaeologists not a fan of historical records
consider them one sided
According to processual archaeologists, why is dating not an issue
radiocarbon dating solves this issue
who is the most important processual archaeologist
Lewis Binford
what developed as the reaction to processual archaeology
post-processualism
post-processualism was anti-scientific because
no one answer to a question
post-processualism emphasizes what
historical context
what did post-processualism reject about Porssusal archaeology
Each culture is unique and every situation has a unique fashion
How did Pompeii and Herculaneum affect society?
influenced styles
Giuseppe Fiorelli
Devised a method to deal with the empty spaces of ash that would hold skeleton
what was Giuseppe’s idea about bodies in Pompeii
filled the cavities with plaster which would take the shape of the bodies
most complete urban extraction ever done
Pompeii
Darwin’s idea lay the foundations for
typologu
Gertrude Caton-Thompson
pioneer interdisciplinary projects of survey and exactions
Dorothy Garrod
First female professor in any subject at Cambridge University
Dorothy Garrod found remains
important to understanding between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens
Julio Tello
America’s first indigenous archaeologist
Kathleen Kenyon
Found evidence at Jericho that pushed back the date of occupation to the end of the Ice Age
Honor Frost
- Introduced to Britain water archaeology
Harriet-Boyd Haws
First Minoan town site ever unearthed
Processual Archaeology was now explained
past changes not just reconstruct past lives
Processual Archaeology would think regarding
cultural process
Processual Archaeology was big on
generalization
Processual Archaeology was based on formulating
hypotheses to deduce consequences
Processual Archaeology conclusions were not based on what
status of researcher
Processual Archaeology research was focused on
answering a specific question not the potential information of being relevant
Processual Archaeology was focused on solving problems that
would never know to be hard unless tried
Processual Archaeology preferred what kind of data
quantitative data
post-processual archaeologies have strong commitments to
social awareness
how were post-processual archaeology insights used socially
had to change the present not only describe the past
post processual archaeologies rejected what
generalization
post processual archaeologie put emphasis on
uniqueness of each society and culture in all its diversity
why is post-processual archaeologies plural
There can be no single correct interpretation with each individual having opinion about the past
post processual archaeologies challenges the
systematic procedures of scientific method
post-processual archaeologies stresses the connection between personal experience and encounters with the material
shapes our understanding of the world
