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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nabonidus

A

Last Mesopotamian King of Babylon

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2
Q

What were Nabonidus’ motivations

A

His motivations could have been religious

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3
Q

Why could Nabonidus’ motivations have been religious

A

a. He wanted to be closer to the gods, especially Sin

He built a temple based on the exact instructions that he believed the gods had given him

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4
Q

Why is Nabonidus the first archaeologists?

A

He was excavating to solve a problem
Used material culture to try and find out about the past

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5
Q

Helena, Mother of Constantine and the mother Euodcia

A

trying to find the exact spots events took place in the Bible

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6
Q

what were the modern day places of biblical events based on

A

what people thought are the locations 400 years after

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7
Q

Examples of modern-day places that show the location of historical biblical were

A

not the exact locations.

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8
Q

Helena, Mother of Constantine and the mother Euodcia were archaeologists because

A

They used methods of archaeology to find where events took place

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9
Q

al-Mas’udi

A

visited Nineveh in 943

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10
Q

Ibn

A

son

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11
Q

ibn Battutah

A

Wrote about the Mosque of Jonah at Nineveh

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12
Q

Nineveh

A

important historical site that shows where Jonah was thought to have been spat out by the whale

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13
Q

what did Isis do to the temple of Jonah

A

destroyed it

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14
Q

how’s “Guidebook for pilgrims” was not a reliable source of information.

A

Sir John Mandeville’s

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15
Q

Why was Sir John Mandeville’s “Guidebook for pilgrims” not a reliable source of information?

A

It was greatly exaggerated.

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16
Q

what do Helena, the Mother of Constantine, the mother of Euodcia and Nabonidus have in common

A

All are religious motivations
People trying to make sense of the historical past
Try to use historical material culture to understand the past

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17
Q

what 4 impacts did the Mongol destruction of Baghdad have

A
  1. Europeans began looking for new trading routes
  2. end to the Golden Age of Islam where the Middle East was the center of learning and science.
  3. flooding of Greek and Latin manuscripts into Europe that had been otherwise forgotten on the continent.
  4. influx of Western European travelers into locations with visible and spectacular ancient monuments.
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18
Q

what impact did Greek and Roman culture have on the Renaissance

A

Put the cultures on a pedestal
Wanted people to embrace their cultures and art forms

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19
Q

what did the discovery of early Christian locations and sites under Rome do

A

People wanted to find out about the Christian history

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20
Q

Pompeii happen so fast that

A

every day items and tools were left to be found

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21
Q

what could be found preserved in the ash at Pompeii?

A

human bodies

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22
Q

what major find did Pompeii preserve

A

roman paintings and other art

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23
Q

what is significant about the roman art at Pompeii

A

These are painted on the walls which means not many survive

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24
Q

what does David by Michelangelo show

A

how the Europeans were using classical art from Rome and Greece as inspiration

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25
Q

what was Carsten Neibuhr sent to do

A

Sent to prove the Bible was real and bring back evidence of his claims

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26
Q

what was significant about Thomas Jefferson

A

he pioneered a technique that helped dispel racist notions that had held back archaeology in the United States

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27
Q

what did Thomas Jefferson want to prove with his excavations

A

He excavated these sights to prove FN could have built them and found the objects left behind

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28
Q

Charles Lyell popularizes what two ideas

A
  1. uniformitarianism
  2. stratigraphy
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29
Q

uniformitarianism

A

The idea that earth’s processes take place in the same pace now as they did in ancient times

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30
Q

what big idea did uniformitarianism help support

A

If erosion takes place at the same pace as 2000 years ago. It expands the age that earth has to be

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31
Q

how’s idea did uniformitarianism undermind

A

James Ussher

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32
Q

Stratigraphy

A

It’s not random how things are found in the ground
Are deposited in an orderly fashion

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33
Q

what does stratigraphy tell about the different layers of strata

A

something found up high is more recent (newer) than something lower down

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34
Q

William “strata” Smith

A

noticed that the same type of fossils appear in the same order all over

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35
Q

James Ussher thought the earth was only

A

6000 years old

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36
Q

how did James Ussher come up with his idea about the earth

A

bible after counting back all the ideologies

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37
Q

what is wrong with James Ussher’s use of the Bible to date the earth

A

the calculations aren’t really possible in the bible

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38
Q

how do developments in Geology and geography help drive archaeology

A
  1. Allows us to better understand how the earth’s processes work
  2. To make sense of things found in the ground
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39
Q

JACQUES BOUCHER DE PERTHES discovered what

A

tools that are associated with some extinct animals

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40
Q

what did Jacques Boucher de Perthes’s discoveries tell about early humans?

A

there was much earlier human life than originally thought

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41
Q

what happened in NEANDER VALLEY that changed the game

A

Extractions changed the game because of the discovery of Neanderthal skulls

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42
Q

Neanderthal skull vs human skull

A
  1. different cranial shape
  2. different brow ridge
  3. different jaw shape
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43
Q

what was Prehistoric times by John Lubbock about

A

Cavemen

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44
Q

what stereotypes were believed about cavemen

A

They were string and hunted for food for the women who stayed behind

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45
Q

what is wrong with the stereotypes of cavemen

A
  1. We don’t know if this is true, no good evidence
  2. If this was the case, should our life be driven by what happened thousands of years ago?
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46
Q

CHARLES DARWIN
did he invent evolution

A

NO, just put pieces together

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47
Q

Darwin describes

A

how things with good adaptations can reproduce more than those without good adaptions

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48
Q

according to darwin,

A

Some features are more beneficial than others

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49
Q

darwin explained that humans have

A

NOT ALWAYS BEEN BIOLOGICALLY HOW WE ARE NOW

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50
Q

CJ THOMSEN

A

Tries to make sense of the age of different artifacts

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51
Q

what significant contribution was made by CJ Thomsen

A

THREE AGE SYSTEM

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52
Q

what is the Three Age system

A

the sequence of periods that helped with classifying artifacts and producing a chronological order.

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53
Q

periods in the Three Age System

A

Stone, Bronze, Iron

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54
Q

Paleothilic

A

Stone age

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55
Q

Mesolithic

A

middle stone age

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56
Q

Neolithic

A

new stone age

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57
Q

chalcolithic

A

copper age

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58
Q

UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION

A

Idea that the cultures all evolve and age like humans do

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59
Q

UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION helped scholars do what

A

make sense of the world

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60
Q

UNILITERAL CULTURAL EVOLUTION example

A

Greece, roman and Egypt cultures were once adult cultures (mature) before becoming old and dying out

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61
Q

problems about Unilateral Cultural Evolution

A

Suggests that all cultures grow and develop at set stages but cultures are diverse and different

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62
Q

TYLOR EDWARD

A

Developed the idea that society has three stages

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63
Q

three stages of society according to Tylor Edward

A

Savagery, barbarism, civilization

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64
Q

Savagery

A

Primitive hunting

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65
Q

barbarism

A

Simple farming

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66
Q

Civilization

A

Highest level of society

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67
Q

Problem with Tylor Edward’s view of society

A

Europeans saw themselves as being “parents” to other countries to ensure they can eventually reach the standard they were at

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68
Q

the idea of Europeans being the parents of other countries allowed them to justify _________ as its their _______

A

invade other countries , moral/ethical responsibility to help those not at the stage Europeans were at

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69
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

Developed the 7 levels of First Nation societies

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70
Q

DIFFUSIONISM is the opposite to

A

Unilateral evolution

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71
Q

DIFFUSIONISM

A

Things are developed in one location one time before spreading throughout the world

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72
Q

issue with diffusionism

A

why does something have to be developed only once?

73
Q

Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt to study

A

Flora
Fauna
Artifacts
People

74
Q

why did Napolean study and document everything in Egypt

A

He thought to conquer a land you had to understand their land and convince them that you were the right person to conquer them

75
Q

what key idea by Napolean influenced how Europeans conquered countries

A

You had to understand and master the culture

76
Q

Staffage

A

Stance people have

77
Q

what does staffage mention about people

A

people that are upright are better than those that are crouching doing something

78
Q

what argument was used to take antiquities away from cultures

A
  1. These people live here, they don’t really understand these artifacts
  2. we are the true rulers of this culture and have the connection to the artifacts
79
Q

what did the one center of world culture inspire
hint: it was in Egypt at this time before France

A

people in Europe became obsessed with Egypt and all the designs

80
Q

Rosetta stone had what languages on it

A
  1. Egyptian at the top and Below are different Greek writing systems
81
Q

why did the Rosetta stone help crack the Eygptian code

A

scholars could read the ancient greek which said the same thing as the Egyptian hieroglyphs

82
Q

Once the Egyptian code was cracked what was available

A

All Egyptian history

83
Q

Homer wrote two works

A

Iliad and Odysseys

84
Q

what did Homer find

A

City of Troy

85
Q

Austen Henry Layard

A

He worked at Nineveh (Mosque of Jonah)

86
Q

where specifically did Austen Henry Layard work

A

Nimrud

87
Q

what kinds of techniques did Austen Henry Layard use

A

digging long tunnels

88
Q

Colonial Antiquities Authority

A

a governmental agency that comes to be in charge of archaeology

89
Q

Archaeology has changed into being something governed by the state or government (three pieces of evidence)

A
  1. They have the responsibility for artifacts
    1. Now stuff is meant to be in museums
    2. Can’t go buy a site and start digging
90
Q

what is a problematic aspect of archaeology still a part of it today

A

Imperialism

91
Q

Arthur Evans found what while excavating at Crete

A

writting systems that didn’t look like Greece

92
Q

What culture was named by Arthur Evans

A

MINONAS

93
Q

Leonard Wooley and TE Lawrence did what

A

used an archaeologist cover to be spies

94
Q

what was TE Lawrence’s goal as a spy

A

how many people would overthrow the Ottoman empire

95
Q

did TE Lawrence gain enough support to overthrow Ottoman Empire?

A

YES

96
Q

what Site made TE Lawrence famous

A

UR

97
Q

what did TE Lawrence find at UR

A

a royal cemetery

98
Q

Howard Carter

A

Discovered King Tutt’s tomb

99
Q

what was significant about how Carter excavated King Tut

A

He didn’t tear out everything from the tomb, spent his career carefully recording and detailing every found that he found.

100
Q

the curse of King Tut is

A

not real

101
Q

how did the curse of king tut become a thing

A

No other newspaper agency could publish Carter’s finds
so they came up with the idea about the curse

102
Q

who funded the excavation of king tut

A

Lord Carnarvon

103
Q

A key part of archaeological work:

A

Think about recording exactly what you find and where you find it

104
Q

Augustus Pitt-Rivers

A

Decided not to dig everything up at his estate but rather he dug trenches down and very carefully as he digs

105
Q

what other techniques did Pitt-Rivers use while excavating

A
  1. very accurate maps
  2. digs in a straight line with straight edges
106
Q

Sir William Flinders Petrie

A

Figured out how to use the style of artifacts to date them

107
Q

seriation

A

a dating technique where artifacts and assemblages are separated and classified by style

108
Q

sir Mortimer wheeler developed two key features

A
  1. Should have field schools to teach
    Have to be trained how to dig
109
Q

wheeler -Kenyon method

A

a. Divide up a sit into grids
b. Dig only in that grid
c. A wall would form between grids called a BALK

110
Q

what does looking in a BALK show

A

if something was missed

111
Q

what does the wheeler-Kenyon method allow

A

lots of control while digging

112
Q

2 main concerns thought during the classificatory historical period

A
  1. establish regional chronologies
  2. describe the development of culture in an area
113
Q

why was there a divide in archaeology

A

Some countries had ancient texts to work on
America was using anthropological methods

114
Q

why is the idea of OLD VS NEW worlds wrong

A

Gives Europeans the idea that they have precedence over the other “old” archaeology countries

115
Q

New world archaeologist trained

A

more in anthropology

116
Q

Old world archaeologists trained

A

history or language

117
Q

The new world had the

A

Direct Historical Approach and enthology

118
Q

Direct Historical Approach

A

People who live in that region have some kind of connection to the people living in that region in the past

119
Q

the direct historical approach did not

A

use historical texts

120
Q

Ethnology

A

comparing different elements of cultures cross-culturally

121
Q

Old World had

A
  1. texts
  2. three age system
122
Q

when did the Old world begin

A

prehistoric period

123
Q

Franz Boa was against

A
  1. uni-lineal evolution and those ideas
    1. generalizing a culture
124
Q

Franz Boas developed

A

HISTORICAL Particularism

125
Q

HISTORICAL Particularism

A

every culture is unique and should be thought on it’s own terms

126
Q

who embraced historical particularism

A

anthroplogists

127
Q

V Gordon Childe argued two things

A

craft specialization
revolutions

128
Q

what is craft specialization

A

The idea that societies get more complex as people get more specific jobs

129
Q

according to craft specialization, as jobs get more complex

A

cultures get more complex

130
Q

what revolutions did Childe argue about

A

farmer’s revolution
Suddenly everyone stops farming

Urban revolutions
Everybody starts living in cities

131
Q

midwestern taxonomic system

A

This system standardised the way we talk and describe artifacts

132
Q

cultural evolution argues that

A

humans are life any other biological group

133
Q

how does cultural evolution argue humans are like other biological groups

A

the culture was our primary adaption to the environment

134
Q

who developed cultural evolution

A

Julian Stewards

135
Q

Conjunctive Approach argued that

A

Everything archaeologist were doing to this point was pointless

136
Q

what does the conjunctive approach want

A

Have different specialists come out to the site to help gain more information about that site’s past and its artifacts

137
Q

what is the result of the Conjunctive approach on archaeology

A

a whole bunch of experts working together to figure out the questions brought up by the site

138
Q

Willard Libby made us stop thinking about what

A

chronology

139
Q

how did Libby stop us from thinking about chronology

A

Made the announcement of the radiocarbon dating

140
Q

radiocarbon dating

A

Date things in the lab with a radiocarbon sample

141
Q

what was the result of radiocarbon dating

A

Archaeology could focus on some many more interesting questions

142
Q

processual archaeology is also known as

A

new arcaheology

143
Q

Processual Archaeology and the idea of proving something

A

Everything has to be proved and worked by the scientific method, nothing based on word of another

144
Q

Processual Archaeology was not a fan of

A

historical records

145
Q

Processual Archaeology and the idea of change

A

Change has to also happen internally, it cannot only be done my people moving into a site

146
Q

why are processual archaeologists not a fan of historical records

A

consider them one sided

147
Q

According to processual archaeologists, why is dating not an issue

A

radiocarbon dating solves this issue

148
Q

who is the most important processual archaeologist

A

Lewis Binford

149
Q

what developed as the reaction to processual archaeology

A

post-processualism

150
Q

post-processualism was anti-scientific because

A

no one answer to a question

151
Q

post-processualism emphasizes what

A

historical context

152
Q

what did post-processualism reject about Porssusal archaeology

A

Each culture is unique and every situation has a unique fashion

153
Q

How did Pompeii and Herculaneum affect society?

A

influenced styles

154
Q

Giuseppe Fiorelli

A

Devised a method to deal with the empty spaces of ash that would hold skeleton

155
Q

what was Giuseppe’s idea about bodies in Pompeii

A

filled the cavities with plaster which would take the shape of the bodies

156
Q

most complete urban extraction ever done

A

Pompeii

157
Q

Darwin’s idea lay the foundations for

A

typologu

158
Q

Gertrude Caton-Thompson

A

pioneer interdisciplinary projects of survey and exactions

159
Q

Dorothy Garrod

A

First female professor in any subject at Cambridge University

160
Q

Dorothy Garrod found remains

A

important to understanding between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens

161
Q

Julio Tello

A

America’s first indigenous archaeologist

162
Q

Kathleen Kenyon

A

Found evidence at Jericho that pushed back the date of occupation to the end of the Ice Age

163
Q

Honor Frost

A
  1. Introduced to Britain water archaeology
164
Q

Harriet-Boyd Haws

A

First Minoan town site ever unearthed

165
Q

Processual Archaeology was now explained

A

past changes not just reconstruct past lives

166
Q

Processual Archaeology would think regarding

A

cultural process

167
Q

Processual Archaeology was big on

A

generalization

168
Q

Processual Archaeology was based on formulating

A

hypotheses to deduce consequences

169
Q

Processual Archaeology conclusions were not based on what

A

status of researcher

170
Q

Processual Archaeology research was focused on

A

answering a specific question not the potential information of being relevant

171
Q

Processual Archaeology was focused on solving problems that

A

would never know to be hard unless tried

172
Q

Processual Archaeology preferred what kind of data

A

quantitative data

173
Q

post-processual archaeologies have strong commitments to

A

social awareness

174
Q

how were post-processual archaeology insights used socially

A

had to change the present not only describe the past

175
Q

post processual archaeologies rejected what

A

generalization

176
Q

post processual archaeologie put emphasis on

A

uniqueness of each society and culture in all its diversity

177
Q

why is post-processual archaeologies plural

A

There can be no single correct interpretation with each individual having opinion about the past

178
Q

post processual archaeologies challenges the

A

systematic procedures of scientific method

179
Q

post-processual archaeologies stresses the connection between personal experience and encounters with the material

A

shapes our understanding of the world

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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